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Aachen - In French, Aix-la-Chapelle, the name by which the city is generally known; in Latin Aquae Grani, later Aquisgranum.

Aarhus, Ancient See of - Located in Denmark.

Aaron - Brother of Moses, and High Priest of the Old Law.

Abaddon - A Hebrew word signifying: ruin, destruction (Job 31:12); place of destruction; the Abyss, realm of the dead (Job 26:6; Proverbs 15:11).

Abandonment - A term used by writers of ascetical and mystical books to signify the first stage of the union of the soul with God by conforming to His Will.

Abarca, Pedro - Theologian. (1619-1693)

Abarim - A mountain range across Jordan.

Abba - Aramaic word for father.

Abbadie, Antoine d' - Astronomer, geodetist, genographer, physician, numismatist, philologian. (1810-1897)

Abban of Magheranoidhe, Saint - Irish monastic founder, d. 620.

Abban of New Ross, Saint - Contemporary of St. Abban of Magheranoidhe, and often confused with St. Evin of Rosglass.

Abban the Hermit, Saint - An Irishman who lived at Abingdon, England, before St. Patrick's lifetime.

Abbe - A French word meaning primarily and strictly an abbot or superior of a monastery of men.

Abbeloos, Jean Baptiste - Orientalist. (1836-1906)

Abbess - The female superior in spirituals and temporals of a community of twelve or more nuns.

Abbey - A monastery canonically erected and autonomous, with a community of not fewer than twelve religious; monks under the government of an abbot; nuns under that of an abbess.

Abbo Cernuus - French Benedictine monk of St-Germain-des-Prés in Paris, sometimes called Abbo Parisiensis.

Abbon, Saint - Biographical article on this Benedictine monk, who died in 1004.

Abbot - A title given to the superior of a community of twelve or more monks.

Abbreviation, Methods of - Discusses forms used to get the most use from scarce and costly materials.

Abbreviations, Ecclesiastical - Latin abbreviations commonly seen in documents of the Catholic Church, the full Latin words or phrases, and their English meaning.

Abbreviators - Those who make an abridgment or abstract of a long writing or discourse.

Abdera - A titular see in the province of Rhodope on the southern coast of Thrace, now called Bouloustra.

Abdias - A minor prophet.

Abdias of Babylon - Apocryphal writer.

Abdication - Ecclesiastically considered, is the resignation of a benefice or clerical dignity.

Abdon and Sennen, Saints - Persian martyrs in the Decian persecution. Died in about 250.

Abduction - May be considered as a public crime and a matrimonial diriment impediment.

Abecedaria - Complete or partial lists of letters of the alphabet, chiefly Greek and Latin, inscribed on ancient monuments, Pagan and Christian.

Abecedarians - A sect of Anabaptists who disdained human knowledge, contending that God would enlighten His elect interiorly and give them knowledge of necessary truths by visions and ecstasies.

Abel - Commentary on the first murder victim.

Abel - Biblical place-name.

Abelard, Peter - Dialectician, philosopher, and theologian. (1079-1142)

Abelly, Louis - Associate of St. Vincent de Paul. (1603-1691)

Abenakis - A confederation of Algonquin tribes, comprising the Penobscots, Passamaquoddies, Norridgewocks, and others, formerly occupying what is now Maine, and southern New Brunswick.

Aben-Ezra, Abraham-ben-Meir - Spanish rabbi. (1092-1167)

Abercius, Inscription of - A Greek hagiographical text.

Abercromby, John - Named as having lost his life from Catholic clergy violence.

Abercromby, Robert - Jesuit missionary in Scotland. (1532-1613)

Aberdeen, The Diocese of - A see founded in 1063 at Mortlach by Bl. Beyn.

Aberdeen, The University of - Founder William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen from 1483 to 1514.

Aberle, Moritz von - Catholic theologian. (1819-1875)

Abgar, The Legend of - Concerns a correspondence that took place between God and the local potentate at Edessa.

Abiathar - Hebrew ebhyathar, Father of plenty, or, the great one is father.

Abila - A titular see of Phoenicia.

Abingdon, The Abbey of - Located in the County of Berkshire, England, founded A.D. 675.

Abington, Thomas - English antiquarian. (1560-1647)

Abipones - Indian tribe, linguistically of Guaycuru stock.

Abisai - Nephew of King David.

Abjuration - A denial, disavowal, or renunciation under oath.

Abner - A son of Ner, a cousin of Saul, and commander-in-chief of Saul's army.

Abomination of Desolation, The - Spoken of in St. Matthew, xxiv, 15, and St. Mark, xiii, 14.

Abortion - Briefly defined as "the loss of a fetal life."

Abortion, Physical Effects of - Covers definition, causes, and physical effects.

Abra de Raconis, Charles Francois d' - French bishop, born at the Château de Raconis in 1580 of a Calvinistic family; died 1646.

Abrabanel, Don Isaac - Jewish statesman, apologist and exegete. (1437-1508)

Abraham - Outline of his life, with New and Old Testament views.

Abraham a Sancta Clara - A Discalced Augustinian friar, preacher, and author of popular books of devotion. (1644-1709)

Abraham Ecchelensis - A learned Maronite, born in Hekel, or Ecchel (hence his surname), a village on Mount Lebanon, in 1600; died 1664 in Rome.

Abraham (in Liturgy) - Of all the names used, a special prominence accrues to those of Abel, Melchisedech, and Abraham.

Abraham, The Bosom of - Found only in two verses of St. Luke's Gospel (xvi, 22, 23).

Abrahamites - Syrian heretics of the ninth century.

Abram, Nicholas - Jesuit theologian. (1589-1655)

Abrasax - A class of ancient stone articles, of small dimensions, inscribed with outlandish figures and formulas.

Absalom - Article covers Absalom, son of David; Absalom, father of Mathathias; and Absalom, father of Jonathan.

Absalon of Lund - A Danish prelate, also known as Axel. (1128-1201)

Absinthe - Wormwood, known for its repulsive bitterness.

Absolute, The - Philosophical term referring to God.

Absolution - The remission of sin, or of the punishment due to sin, granted by the Church.

Abstemii - One who cannot take wine without risk of vomiting.

Abstinence - Includes information about old and new testament fasting as well as church laws.

Abstinence, Physical Effects of - Article deals with effects due to partial or periodic abstinence, such as practiced by the Catholic Church.

Abstraction - A process (or a faculty) by which the mind selects for consideration some one of the attributes of a thing to the exclusion of the rest.

Abthain - An English or Lowland Scotch form of the middle-Latin word abthania (Gaelic, abdhaine), meaning abbacy.

Abucara, Theodore - A bishop of Caria in Syria; d., probably, in 770.

Abundius - An Italian bishop, b. at Thessalonica early in the fifth century; d. 469.

Abydus - A titular see of Troas in Asia Minor, suffragan of Cyzicus in the Hellespontic province.

Abyss - Primarily and classically an adjective, very deep.

Abyssinia - Provides details on the geography, ethnology, political revolutions, as well as church information.

Acacia - The Biblical Acacia belongs to the genus Mimosa.

Acacians, The - Fourth-century Arian sect.

Acacius - Patriarch of Constantinople. (d. 489)

Acacius - Bishop of Caesarea in Palestine, disciple and biographer of Eusebius, the historian, whose successor in the See of Caesarea he became in 340.

Acacius - Bishop of Beroea. (322-432)

Acacius, Saint - Bishop of Melitene in the third century.

Academies, Roman - Historical and bibliographical notes concerning the more important of these associations of learned men.

Academy, The French - Founded by Cardinal de Richelieu in 1635.

Acadia - Usually regarded as the small district on the south shore of the Bay of Fundy from Annapolis to the Basin of Minas.

Acanthus - A titular see of Macedonia, on the Strymonic Gulf, now known as Erisso.

Acanthus - An ornamental plant indigenous to middle Europe.

Acathistus - The title of a certain hymn or, an Office in the Greek Liturgy in honour of the Mother of God.

Acca, Saint - Bishop of Hexham, companion of St. Wilfrid. Acca died in about 742.

Accaron - The most northern of the five principal Philistine cities.

Accentus Ecclesiasticus - Parts of the liturgy the priest, or the deacon, or subdeacon, or the acolyte sang alone.

Acceptance - In canon law, the act by which one receives a thing with approbation or satisfaction.

Acceptants - Those Jansenists who accepted the Bull Unigenitus, issued in 1713 against the Jansenist doctrines.

Accession - Method of acquiring ownership of a thing arising from the fact that it is in some way added to, or is the fruit of something already belonging to oneself.

Accessus - A term applied to the voting in conclave for the election of a pope, by which a cardinal changes his vote and accedes to some other candidate.

Acciajuoli - Three cardinals belonging to an illustrious Florentine family, Angelo, Niccolo, and Filippo.

Accident - The obvious division of things into the stable and the unstable.

Acclamation - Used in the classical Latin of Republican Rome as a general term for any manifestation of popular feeling expressed by a shout.

Acclamation (in Papal Elections) - One of the forms of papal election. Consists of all the cardinals present unanimously proclaiming one of the candidates Supreme Pontiff, without the formality of casting votes.

Accommodation, Biblical - Covers what is meant by biblical accommodation, its use in Sacred Scripture, and the rules which ought to regulate its use.

Accomplice - A term generally employed to designate a partner in some form of evildoing.

Accursius, Francesco - Covers an Italian jurisconsult of the Middle Ages, (1182-1260) and his son, also a lawyer, (1225-1293).

Acephali - A term applied to the Eutychians who withdrew from Peter Mongus, the Monophysite Patriarch of Alexandria, in 482.

Acerenza - Italian archdiocese.

Achab - Son of Amri and King of Israel.

Achaia - The name, before the Roman conquest in 146 B.C., of a strip of land between the gulf of Corinth and Elis and Arcadia, embracing twelve cities leagued together.

Achaicus - A Christian mentioned in St. Paul's epistles.

Achaz - King of Judah.

Achery, Lucas d' - French Benedictine. (1609-1685)

Achiacharus - Nephew of Tobias.

Achimaas - Son of Sadoc, the priest.

Achimelech - Four people with this name are detailed.

Achitopel - Counsellor of David, who joined the rebellion of Absalom.

Achonry - Diocese in Ireland, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Tuam.

Achor Valley - The scene of the death of the "troubler" Achan.

Achrida - A titular see in Upper Albania.

Achterfeldt, Johann Heinrich - Theologian. (1788-1877)

Achtermann, Theodore William - German sculptor. (1799-1889)

Acidalius, Valens - Philologist, Latin poet, and convert to the Catholic Church. (1567-1595)

Aci-Reale, The Diocese of - Located in Sicily; includes fourteen communes in the civil province of Catania, immediately subject to Rome.

Ackermann, Leopold - Catholic professor of exegesis. (1771-1831)

Acmonia - A titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana, in Asia Minor, now known as Ahat-Keui.

Acoemetae - Either, an appellation common to all Eastern ascetics known by the rigour of their vigils; or, a special order of Greek or Basilian monks devoting themselves to prayer and praise without intermission.

Acolouthia - In ecclesiastical terminology signifies the order or arrangement of the divine office and also, in a wide sense, the office itself.

Acolyte - A cleric promoted to the fourth and highest minor order in the Latin Church, ranking next to a subdeacon.

Acosta, Joaquin - Served in the Colombian army and in 1834 attempted a scientific survey of the country between Socorro and the Magdalena River.

Acosta, Jose de - Founded a number of colleges, among them those of Arequipa, Potose, Chuquisaca, Panama, and La Paz.

Acquapendente - A diocese in Italy under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See, comprising seven towns of the Province of Rome.

Acquaviva - Name of several Italian cardinals.

Acquaviva, Claudius - Fifth General of the Society of Jesus. (1543-1615)

Acqui - A diocese suffragan of Turin, Italy.

Acre - Syrian seaport on the Mediterranean.

Acrostic - A poem the initial or final letters of whose verses form certain words or sentences.

Act of Settlement (Irish) - 1662 act passed by the Irish Parliament to bring in Protestant settlers in Munster, Leinster, and Ulster.

Acta Pilati - The Gospel of Nicodemus.

Acta Sanctae Sedis - A publication containing the principal public documents issued by the Pope, directly or through the Roman Congregations.

Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae - Abbreviated title of a celebrated work on the Irish saints by the Franciscan, John Colgan.

Acta Triadis Thaumaturgae - The lives of St. Patrick, St. Brigid, and St. Columba; published at Louvain, in 1647, by John Colgan.

Acton, Charles Januarius - English cardinal. (1803-1847)

Acton, John - English canonist, born 1350.

Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg, Baron Acton - Biography of the historian best-known for his view of the corruption power causes.

Acton, John Francis Edward - Sixth Baronet of the name. (1736-1811)

Acts, Canonical - Derive their name from connection with ecclesiastical procedure.

Acts, Human - St. Thomas and the scholastics in general regard only the free and deliberate acts of the will as human.

Acts, Indifferent - An act that is neither good nor bad.

Acts of Roman Congregations - A term used to designate the documents issued by the Roman Congregations.

Acts of the Apostles - The fifth book of the New Testament.

Actus et Potentia - A technical expression in scholastic phraseology used to translate Aristotle's energeia or entelecheia, and dynamis.

Actus primus - A technical expression used in scholastic philosophy.

Actus Purus - A term employed in scholastic philosophy to express the absolute perfection of God.

Acuas - One of the first to spread Manicheism in the Christian Orient.

Ad Apostolicae Dignitatis Apicem - Apostolic letter issued against Emperor Frederick II by Pope Innocent IV.

Ad Limina Apostolorum - A pilgrimage to the sepulchres of St. Peter and St. Paul at Rome.

Ad Sanctam Beati Petri Sedem - Summarizes this intervention in the Jansenist controversy by Pope Alexander VII.

Ad Universalis Ecclesiae - A papal constitution dealing with admission to religious orders.

Adalard, Saint - Grandson of Charles Martel. Adalard was abbot of Corbie, and Pepin's prime minister. He died in 827.

Adalbert - Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen; born about 1000; died 1072.

Adalbert I - Archbishop of Mainz (Mayence) 1111 to 1137.

Adalbert, Saint - Apostle of Prussia. Bishop of Prague, forced to flee his see. Missionary to the Hungarians and Poles. He was murdered in 997.

Adalbert, Saint - Apostle of the Slavs. Monk, missionary to Russia, abbot, and bishop of Magdeburg, d. 981.

Adam - First man and father of the human race.

Adam in Early Christian Liturgy and Literature - Discusses his importance to the Fathers and to the authors of the many apocryphal writings of the first five centuries of the Christian Era.

Adam, John - Preacher and opponent of Calvinists and Jansenists.

Adam, Nicholas - French linguist and writer. (1716-1792)

Adam of Bremen - A German historian and geographer of the eleventh century.

Adam of Fulda - A monk of Franconia and one of the most learned musicians of his age.

Adam of Murimuth - An English chronicler of about the middle of the fourteenth century.

Adam of Perseigne - French Cistercian, Abbot of the monastery of Perseigne in the Diocese of Mans, born about the middle of the twelfth century.

Adam of St. Victor - A prolific writer of Latin Hymns, born in the latter part of the twelfth century.

Adam of Usk - An English priest, canonist, and chronicler.

Adam Scotus - A theologian and Church historian of the latter part of the twelfth century.

Adam, The Books of - A romance made up of Oriental fables.

Adami da Bolsena, Andrea - Italian musician. (1663-1742)

Adamites - An obscure sect, dating perhaps from the second century, which professed to have regained Adam's primeval innocence.

Adamnan, Saint - Irish-born abbot of Iona, and St. Columba's biographer.

Adams, James - Jesuit professor of humanities. (1737-1802)

Adana - A diocese of Armenian rite in Asia Minor.

Adar - Four meanings detailed.

Adda, Ferdinando d' - Cardinal and Papal Legate. (1649-1719)

Addas - One of the three original disciples of Manes.

Addeus and Maris, Liturgy of - Oriental liturgy, sometimes assigned to the Syrian group; sometimes to the Persian group.

Addresses, Ecclesiastical - Rules as to what is fitting and customary in the matter of ecclesiastical correspondence.

Adelaide, Archdiocese of - Centered in Adelaide, capital of South Australia.

Adelaide, Saint - Or Adelheid. The widow of Otho, she died in 999.

Adelaide, Saint - Abbess, renowned for having the gift of miracles, d. 1015.

Adelard of Bath - Twelfth-century scholastic philosopher.

Adelham, John Placid - Convert from Protestantism. (d. 1681)

Adelmann - Eleventh-century Bishop of Brescia.

Adelophagi - Fourth-century sect mentioned by the anonymous author known as Praedestinatus.

Aden - It comprises all Arabia, and is known as the Vicariate Apostolic of Arabia and Aden.

Adeodatus - Son of St. Augustine. (372-388)

Adeodatus, Pope Saint - Brief article on this Roman monk, opponent of Monothelitism, d. 676. Called Adeodatus II to distinguish him from his predecessor St. Deusdedit, who is also called Adeodatus.

Adeste Fidelis - A hymn used at Benediction at Christmastide in France and England since the close of the eighteenth century.

Adjuration - An urgent demand made upon another to do something, or to desist from doing something, which is rendered more solemn by coupling with it the name of God.

Administrator - Includes details on administrators of dioceses, parishes, and ecclesiastical institutions.

Administrator (of Ecclesiastical Property) - One charged with the care of church property.

Admonitions, Canonical - A preliminary means used by the Church towards a suspected person, as a preventive of harm or a remedy of evil.

Admont - A Benedictine abbey in Styria, Austro-Hungary.

Ado of Vienne, Saint - Benedictine monk, pilgrim, scholar, pastor, Archbishop of Vienne, d. 875.

Adonai - Hebrew meaning "lord, ruler", a name bestowed upon God in the Old Testament.

Adonias - Fourth son of King David, and Adonias the Levite are discussed.

Adoption - Adoption, as defined in canon law, is foreign to the Bible.

Adoption, Canonical - The Church made its own the Roman law of adoption, with its legal consequences.

Adoption, Supernatural - The adoption of man by God in virtue of which we become His sons and heirs.

Adoptionism - The theory that the man Jesus at some point in time became the Son of God only by adoption. Strictly speaking, refers to an eighth-century Spanish heresy, but the term is also used to cover similar beliefs.

Adoration - In the strict sense, an act of religion offered to God in acknowledgment of His supreme perfection and dominion, and of the creature's dependence upon Him.

Adoration, Perpetual - A term broadly used to designate the practically uninterrupted adoration of the Blessed Sacrament.

Adorno, Francis - Italian preacher. (1531-1586)

Adoro Te Devote - A hymn sometimes styled Rhythmus, or Oratio, S. Thomæ (sc. Aquinatis) written c. 1260.

Adria - An Italian bishopric, suffragan to Venice.

Adrian Fortescue, Blessed - Knight of St. John, martyred in 1539.

Adrian I, Pope - Reigned 772-95.

Adrian II, Pope - Reigned 867-872.

Adrian III, Pope Saint - Short article on this pope, a Roman, who died in 885.

Adrian IV, Pope - Reigned 1154-1159.

Adrian of Canterbury, Saint - African-born Benedictine abbot, d. 710.

Adrian of Castello - Italian prelate distinguished as a statesman and reviver of learning; born about 1460, died about 1521.

Adrian V, Pope - A Genoese, and nephew of Innocent IV. He was elected at Viterbo 12 July 1276, but died 18 August.

Adrian VI, Pope - Reigned 1522-1523.

Adrianople - According to legend, Orestes, son of Agamemnon, built this city at the confluence of the Tonsus (Toundja) and the Ardiscus (Arda) with the Hebrus (Maritza).

Adrichem, Christian Kruik van - Catholic priest and theological writer. (1533-1585)

Adso - Abbot of the Cluniac monastery of Moutier-en-Der, d. 992, on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

Aduarte, Diego Francisco - Missionary and historian. (1566-1635)

Adullam - Details on two places with this name.

Adulteration of Food - This act is defined as the addition of any non-condimental substance to a food.

Adultery - The article considers adultery with reference only to morality.

Advent - According to 1907 usage, a period beginning with the Sunday nearest to the feast of St. Andrew the Apostle and embracing four Sundays.

Adventists - A group of six American Protestant sects which hold in common a belief in the near return of Christ in person.

Advertisements, Book of - A series of enactments concerning ecclesiastical matters, drawn up by Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury (1559-75).

Advocates of Roman Congregations - Persons, ecclesiastical or lay, versed in canon and civil law, who plead causes before the ecclesiastical tribunals in Rome.

Advocates of St. Peter - A body of jurists constituting a society whose statutes were confirmed by a brief of Leo XIII, 5 July, 1878.

Advocatus Diaboli - A title given to an officer of the Sacred Congregation of Rites, established in 1587, by Sixtus V, to deal juridically with processes of beatification and canonization.

Advocatus Ecclesia - A name applied, in the Middle Ages, to certain lay persons, generally of noble birth, whose duty it was, under given conditions, to represent a particular church or monastery, and to defend its rights against force.

Advowson - In English law the right of patronage of a church or ecclesiastical benefice, a right exercised by nomination of a clergyman to such church or other benefice.

Adytum - A secret chamber or place of retirement in the ancient temples, and esteemed the most sacred spot; the innermost sanctuary or shrine.

Aedan of Ferns, Saint - Bishop and patron of Ferns, Ireland. (550-632)

Aedh of Kildare - Sixth-century King of Leinster, Ireland.

Aegidius of Assisi, Blessed - Better known in English as Brother Giles. One of the first followers of St. Francis of Assisi, he died in 1262.

Aegidius of Viterbo - Cardinal, theologian, orator, humanist, and poet, born at Viterbo, Italy; died at Rome, 1532.

Aelfric, Abbot of Eynsham - The author of the homilies in Anglo-Saxon, a translator of Holy Scripture, and a writer upon many miscellaneous subjects.

Aelnoth - Monk and biographer, of whom nothing is known except his Life of St. Canute the Martyr, written in 1109.

Aelred, Saint - Cistercian abbot, homilist, spiritual writer, d. 1166 or 1167.

Aeneas of Gaza - A Neo-Platonic philosopher, a convert to Christianity, who flourished towards the end of the fifth century.

Aengus, Saint (the Culdee) - Irish hermit, hagiographer, poet, late eighth century.

Aenon - Mentioned in John 3:23, as the locality where the forerunner of Christ baptized.

Aeons - The term appropriated by Gnostic heresiarchs to designate the series of spiritual powers evolved by progressive emanation from the eternal Being.

Aer - The largest and outer-most covering of the chalice and paten in the Greek church, corresponding to the veil in the Latin rite.

Aerius of Pontus - A friend and fellow ascetic of Eustathius, who became Bishop of Sebaste (355), and who ordained Aërius and placed him over the hospital or asylum in that city.

Aesthetics - May be defined as a systematic training to right thinking and right feeling in matters of art, and is made a part of philosophy by A.G. Baumgarten.

Aeterni Patris - The Apostolic Letter of Pius IX, by which he summoned the Vatican Council. It is dated Rome, 29 June, 1868.

Aeterni Patris - An encyclical letter of Pope Leo XIII (issued 4 August, 1879); not to be confused with the apostolic letter of the same name written by Pope Pius IX.

Aetius - A Roman general, patrician, and consul, b. towards the end of the fourth century; d. 454.

Affinity (in Canon Law) - A relationship arising from the carnal intercourse of a man and a woman, sufficient for the generation of children, whereby the man becomes related to the woman's blood-relatives and the woman to the man's.

Affinity (in the Bible) - Scripture recognizes affinity as an impediment to wedlock.

Affirmation - A solemn declaration accepted in legal procedure in lieu of the requisite oath.

Afflighem - Benedictine abbey in Belgium.

Affre, Denis Auguste - Archbishop of Paris. (1793-1848)

Afonzo de Albuquerque - Second son of Gonzallo de Albuquerque, lord of Villaverde.

Afra, Saint - Martyred at Augsburg in the Diocletian persecution (c. 304) for refusing to participate in pagan rites.

Africa - This name, which is of Phoenician origin, was at first given by the Romans to the territory about the city of Carthage.

African Church, Early - The name given to the Christian communities inhabiting the region known politically as Roman Africa.

African Liturgy - In use not only in the old Roman province of Africa of which Carthage was the capital, but also in Numidia and Mauretania.