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Eadmer - Precentor of Canterbury and historian.

Eanbald I - The first Archbishop of York by that name.

Eanbald II - Date of birth unknown; died 810 or 812.

Easter - Includes information on the feast and customs.

Easter Controversy - The dispute regarding the proper time of observing Easter.

Eastern Churches - Eastern Churches depended originally on the Eastern Empire at Constantinople.

Easterwine - Abbot of Wearmouth, nephew of St. Benedict Biscop; born 650, died 7 March, 686.

Easton, Adam - Cardinal, born at Easton in Norfolk; died at Rome, 15 September (according to others, 20 October), 1397.

Eata, Saint - Second bishop of Hexham, d. 686.

Ebbo - Archbishop of Reims, b. towards the end of the eighth century; d. 20 March, 851.

Ebendorfer, Thomas - German chronicler, professor, and statesman, b. 12 August, 1385, at Haselbach, in Upper Austria; d. at Vienna, 8 Jan., 1464.

Eberhard, Matthias - Bishop of Trier, b. 15 Nov., 1815, at Trier (Germany), d. there 30 May, 1876.

Eberhard of Ratisbon - A German chronicler about the beginning of the fourteenth century.

Ebermann, Veit - Theologian and controversialist, born 25 May, 1597, at Rendweisdorff, in Bavaria; died 8 April, 1675.

Ebionites - Two varieties: the earlier group called Ebionites denied the divinity of Christ; the later Ebionites were a Gnostic sect who believed that matter was eternal and was God's body.

Ebner - The name of two German mystics.

Ecclesiastes - The name given to the book of Holy Scripture which usually follows the Proverbs; the Hebrew Qoheleth probably has the same meaning.

Ecclesiastical Architecture - All ecclesiastical architecture may be said to have been evolved from two distinct germ-cells, the oblong and the circular chamber.

Ecclesiastical Art - Article explores the origin, history, and types.

Ecclesiasticus - The longest of the deuterocanonical books of the Bible, and the last of the Sapiential writings in the Vulgate of the Old Testament.

Eccleston, Samuel - Fifth Archbishop of Baltimore, U.S.A. (1801-1851)

Eccleston, Thomas of - Thirteenth-century Friar Minor and chronicler.

Echard, Jacques - Historian of the Dominicans, born at Rouen, France, 22 September, 1644; died at Paris, 15 March, 1724.

Echave, Baltasar de - Painter, born at Zumaya, Guipuzcoa, Spain, in the latter part of the sixteenth century; died in Mexico about the middle of the seventeenth.

Echinus - A titular see of Thessaly, Greece.

Echter von Mespelbrunn, Julius - Prince-Bishop of Würzburg, b. 18 March, 1545, in the Castle of Mespelbrunn, Spessart (Bavaria); d. 13 Sept., 1617, at Würzburg.

Echternach, Abbey of - A Benedictine monastery in the town of that name, in the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg and the Diocese of Trier.

Eck, Johann - Theologian and principal adversary of Luther. Detailed profile by J.P. Kirsch.

Eckart, Anselm - Missionary, born at Bingen, Germany, 4 August, 1721; died at the College of Polstok, Polish Russia, 29 June, 1809.

Eckebert - Abbot of Schönau, born in the early part of the twelfth century.

Eckhart, Johann Georg von - German historian, b. at Duingen in the principality of Kalenberg, 7 Sept., 1664; d. at Würzburg, 9 Feb., 1730.

Eckhart, Meister - Biographical article on the Dominican theologian and mystic. Includes bibliography.

Eckhel, Joseph Hilarius - German numismatist. (1737-1798)

Eclecticism - A philosophical term meaning either a tendency of mind in a thinker to conciliate the different views or positions taken in regard to problems, or a system in philosophy which seeks the solution of its fundamental problems by selecting and uniting what it regards as true in the various philosophical schools.

Ecstasy - Offers details of false views.

Ecuador - An independent state of South America, bounded on the north by Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the south by Peru, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Edda - A title applied to two different collections of old Norse literature, the poetical or "Elder Edda" and the prose or "Younger Edda".

Edelinck - The family name of four engravers.

Edesius and Frumentius - Tyrian Greeks of the fourth century, probably brothers, who introduced Christianity into Abyssinia; the latter a saint and first Bishop of Axum, styled the Apostle of Abyssinia, d. about 383.

Edessa - A titular archiepiscopal see in that part of Mesopotamia formerly known as Osrhoene.

Edgeworth, Henry Essex - Confessor of Louis XVI, and vicar-general of the Diocese of Paris at the height of the French Revolution. (1745-1807)

Edinburgh - Derives its name from the time (about A.D. 620) when the fortress of Edwin's burgh was raised on a lofty spur of the Pentland Hills, overlooking the Firth of Forth, and established the Anglian dominion in the northern part of the Northumbrian Kingdom.

Editions of the Bible - Includes Hebrew and Greek editions.

Edmund Arrowsmith, Saint - English Jesuit and martyr, d. 1628. Short biography.

Edmund Campion, Saint - English Jesuit, martyr, d. 1581. Biographical article.

Edmund, Congregation of Saint - Founded in 1843, by Jean-Baptiste Muard, at Pontigny, France, for the work of popular missions.

Edmund Ignatius Rice, Blessed - Biographical article on the founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (better known as the Irish Christian Brothers).

Edmund Rich, Saint - This Archbishop of Canterbury died in 1240, and was canonized within six years. Biography.

Edmund the Martyr, Saint - Short biography of the King of East Anglia, who died in 870.

Education - In the broadest sense, education includes all those experiences by which intelligence is developed, knowledge acquired, and character formed. In a narrower sense, it is the work done by certain agencies and institutions, the home and the school, for the express purpose of training immature minds.

Education of the Blind - Includes statistics and history.

Education of the Deaf - History, aids, and alphabets are discussed.

Educational Association, The Catholic - A voluntary organization composed of Catholic educators and other persons who have an interest in the welfare of Catholic education in the United States.

Edward Ambrose Barlow, Saint - Short biography of the Benedictine priest, martyred at Lancaster in 1641.

Edward Bamber, Blessed - Lancashire priest martyred in 1646.

Edward III - Detailed biographical article on the King of England.

Edward Jones, Blessed - Welsh convert to Catholicism. Became a priest. He was martyred in 1590. Article also has some information on his fellow martyr Anthony Middleton.

Edward Oldcorne, Blessed - Englishman, Jesuit priest, martyred in 1606. Biography.

Edward Osbaldeston, Blessed - Profile of the English priest and martyr, who was executed at York in 1594.

Edward Powell, Blessed - Biography of the Welsh priest, Bl. Thomas Abel's companion in martyrdom, d. 1506.

Edward Stransham, Blessed - English priest and martyr, d. 1586. Biography.

Edward the Confessor, Saint - Short biography of the King of England, who died in 1066.

Edward the Martyr, Saint - King of England, assassinated at the age of 16 or 17 at the behest of his stepmother. St. Edward was murdered in 979.

Edward Waterson, Blessed - English priest, missionary, and martyr. Executed in 1594 (1593 old style). Biographical entry.

Edwin, Saint - Biography of the first Christian King of Northumbria, who died in 633. Also known, in Latinized form, as Aeduini.

Edwy - King of the English, eldest son of Edmund and St. Aelfgifu, born about 940; died 959.

Egan, Boetius - Archbishop of Tuam, born near Tuam, Ireland, 1734; died near Tuam, 1798.

Egan, Michael - First bishop of Philadelphia, U.S.A., b. in Ireland, most probably in Galway, in 1761; d. at Philadelphia, 22 July, 1814.

Egbert - Frequently though incorrectly called "First King of England", died A.D. 839.

Egbert, Archbishop of Trier - Belonged to the family of the Counts of Holland. Died 8 or 9 December, 993.

Egbert, Archbishop of York - Son of Eata, brother of the Northumbrian King Eadbert and cousin of King Ceolwulf, to whom the Venerable Bede dedicated his history; date of birth unknown; d. 19 November, 766.

Egbert, Saint - A Northumbrian by birth, became a monk in Ireland, died in 729 at the age of 90.

Egfrid - King of Northumbria, b. 650; d. 685.

Eginhard - Historian, born c. 770 in the district watered by the River Main in the eastern part of the Frankish Empire; d. 14 March, 840, at Seligenstadt.

Egloffstein, Frederick W. von - Born at Aldorf, near Nuremberg, Bavaria, 18 May, 1824; died in New York, 1885.

Egmont, Lamoral, Count of - Born at the Château de La Hamaide, in Hainault, 18 Nov., 1522; beheaded at Brussels, 5 June, 1568.

Egoism - Synopsis of this ethical system, and short refutation.

Eguiara y Eguren, Juan José - Mexican scholar. (d. 1763)

Egwin, Saint - Third bishop of Worcester, founded the Benedictine monastery of Evesham, d. 717 or 720.

Egypt - Provides information on history, religion, and literature.

Egyptian Church Ordinance - An early Christian collection of thirty-one canons regulating ordinations, the liturgy, and other main features of church life.

Eichendorff, Josef Karl Benedikt - Poet. (1788-1857)

Eichstätt - Diocese in Bavaria, north of the Danube, and suffragan to Bamberg.

Eimhin, Saint - Abbot and Bishop of Ros-mic-Truin, d. first half of the sixth century. Some believe that Eimhin is the author of the Tripartite Life of St. Patrick.

Einsiedeln, Abbey of - A Benedictine monastery in the Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, dedicated to Our Lady of the Hermits.

Eisengrein, Martin - Catholic theologian and polemical writer, born of Protestant parents at Stuttgart, 28 December, 1535; died at Ingolstadt, 4 May, 1578.

Eithene, Saint - Sixth-century Irish woman, visionary.

Eithne, Saint - Irish princess, converted to Christianity by St. Patrick, died immediately after receiving her First Communion (433).

Ekkehard - Name of five monks of the (Swiss) Abbey of St. Gall from the tenth to the thirteenth century.

Ekkehard of Aura - Benedictine monk and chronicler, b. about 1050; d. after 1125.

Elaea - A titular see of Asia Minor.

Elba - The largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago.

Elbel, Benjamin - Bavarian moral theologian. (1690-1756)

Elcesaites - A sect of Gnostic Ebionites.

Elder, George - Educator, b. 11 August, 1793, in Kentucky, U.S.A.; d. 28 Sept., 1838, at Bardstown.

Elder, William Henry - Third Bishop of Natchez, Mississippi, U.S.A., and second Archbishop of Cincinnati, b. in Baltimore, Maryland, 22 March, 1819; d. in Cincinnati, 31 Oct., 1904.

Eleazar - Includes information on three uses of this name.

Elect - Denotes in general one chosen or taken by preference from among two or more; as a theological term it is equivalent to "chosen as the object of mercy or Divine favour, as set apart for eternal life".

Election - In its broadest sense election means a choice among many persons, things, or sides to be taken. In the stricter juridical sense it means the choice of one person among many for a definite charge or function.

Eleutherius (Eleutheros), Pope Saint - Native of Nicopolis, served as deacon in the Roman Church, d. about 189.

Eleutherius, Saint - First Bishop of Tournai, early sixth century.

Eleutheropolis - A titular see in Palaestina Prima.

Elevation, The - The Elevation of the Mass is a rite of comparatively recent introduction.

Elhuyar y de Suvisa, Fausto de - Mineralogist and chemist. (1755-1833)

Elias - Old Testament prophet.

Elias of Cortona - Minister General of the Friars Minor, b., it is said, at Bevilia near Assisi, c. 1180; d. at Cortona, 22 April, 1253.

Elias of Jerusalem - Died 518; one of the two Catholic bishops (with Flavian of Antioch) who resisted the attempt of the Emperor Anastasius I (491-518) to abolish the Council of Chalcedon (451).

Elie de Beaumont, Jean-Baptiste-Armand-Louis-Léonce - Geologist, b. at Canon (Dép. Calvados), near Caen, France, 25 Sept., 1798; d. at Canon, 21 Sept., 1874.

Eligius, Saint - Or Eloi. Bishop of Noyon-Tournai, founded several monasteries, d. 660.

Elined, Saint - British princess, virgin, and martyr, fl. c. 490. Venerated especially in Wales.

Eliseus - A Prophet of Israel.

Elishé - Armenian historian of the fifth century, place and date of birth unknown, d. 480.

Elizabeth Ann Seton, Saint - Biography of the founder of the Sisters of Charity in the United States.

Elizabeth Associations - Charitable associations of women in Germany which aim for the love of Christ to minister to the bodily and spiritual sufferings of the sick poor and of neglected children.

Elizabeth of Hungary, Saint - Also called St. Elizabeth of Thuringia. Biographical article on the princess, widow, Third Order Franciscan, who died in 1231.

Elizabeth of Portugal, Saint - Queen, also known as St. Isabel, d. 1336.

Elizabeth of Reute, Blessed - Even in her childhood was called "the good Betha." Third Order Franciscan, d. 1420.

Elizabeth of Schönau, Saint - Benedictine visionary, friend of Hildegarde of Bingen. Elizabeth died in 1165.

Elizabeth, Saint - The wife of Zachary, mother of St. John the Baptist, and relative of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Some believe that it was Elizabeth who proclaimed the Magnificat.

Elizabeth, Sisters of Saint - From an association established by Dorothea Klara Wolff, in connection with the sisters, Mathilde and Maria Merkert, and Franziska Werner, 1842, in Nelsse (Prussia), to tend in their own homes, without compensation, helpless sick persons who could not or would not be received into the hospitals.

Ellis, Philip Michael - First Vicar Apostolic of the Western District, England, subsequently Bishop of Segni, Italy, b. in 1652; d. 16 Nov., 1726.

Ellwangen Abbey - The earliest Benedictine monastery established in the Duchy of Wurtemberg, situated in the Diocese of Augsburg about thirty miles north-east of the town of Stuttgart.

Elohim - The common name for God.

Elphege, Saint - Also called Alphege or Godwine. Hermit, abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, martyred in 1012. Biographical article.

Elphin - Suffragan of Tuam, Ireland, a see founded by St. Patrick.

Elusa - A titular see of Palaestina Tertia, suffragan of Petra.

Elvira, Council of - Held early in the fourth century at Elliberis, or Illiberis, in Spain, a city now in ruins not far from Granada.

Ely - Ancient diocese in England.

Elzéar of Sabran, Saint - Married, Third Order Franciscan, d. 1323.

Emanationism - The doctrine that emanation (Lat. emanare, "to flow from") is the mode by which all things are derived from the First Reality, or Principle.

Emancipation, Ecclesiastical - In ancient Rome emancipation was a process of law by which a slave released from the control of his master, or a son liberated from the authority of his father (patria potestas), was declared legally independent. The earliest ecclesiastical employment of this process was in the freeing of slaves.

Ember Days - The days at the beginning of the seasons ordered by the Church as days of fast and abstinence.

Embolism - An insertion, addition, interpretation. The word has two specific uses in the language of the Church; in the prayer and in the calendar.

Embroidery - In Christian worship embroidery was used from early times to ornament vestments.

Emerentiana, Saint - Virgin and martyr, d. at Rome in the third century.

Emery, Jacques-André - Superior of the Society of St-Sulpice during the French Revolution, b. 26 Aug., 1732, at Gex; d. at Paris, 28 April, 1811.

Emesa - A titular see of Phœnicia Secunda, suffragan of Damascus, and the seat of two Uniat archdioceses, Greek Melchite and Syrian.

Emigrant Aid Societies - Details of several organizations, the earliest being the Charitable Irish Society of Boston, Massachusetts, founded 17 March, 1737.

Emmanuel - Signifies "God with us" (Matthew 1:23), and is the name of the child predicted in Isaias 7:14: "Behold a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and his name shall be called Emmanuel".

Emmaus - A titular see in Pa1æstina Prima, suffragan of Cæsarea.

Emmeram, Saint - Late seventh-century missionary to Bavaria, where he was martyred.

Emmeram, Saint, Abbey of - A Benedictine monastery at Ratisbon (Regensburg), named after its traditional founder, the patron saint of the city.

Emmerich, Anne Catherine - An Augustinian nun, stigmatic, and ecstatic, born 8 September, 1774, at Flamsche, near Coesfeld, in the Diocese of Munster, Westphalia, Germany; died at Dulmen, 9 February, 1824.

Empiricism - Primarily, and in its psychological application, the term signifies the theory that the phenomena of consciousness are simply the product of sensuous experience, i.e. of sensations variously associated and arranged.

Ems, Congress of - A meeting of the representatives of the German Archbishops Friedrich Karl von Erthal of Mainz, Maximilian Franz of Cologne, Clemens Wenceslaus of Trier, and Hieronymus von Colloredo of Salzburg, at the little town of Bad-Ems, near Coblenz, in August, 1786, for the purpose of protesting against papal interference in the exercise of episcopal powers and fixing the future relations between these archbishops and the Roman pontiff.

Emser, Hieronymus - The most ardent literary opponent of Luther, born of a prominent family at Ulm, 20 March, 1477; died 8 Nov., 1527 at Dresden.

Encina, Juan de la - Biographical article commenting on his musical and writing abilities and his priestly positions.

Enciso, Diego Ximenez de - Dramatic poet, b. in Andalusia, Spain, c. 1585; date of death unknown.

Enciso, Martín Fernández de - Navigator and geographer, b. at Seville, Spain, c. 1470; d. probably about 1528 at Seville.

Encolpion - The name given in early Christian times to a species of reliquary worn round the neck, in which were enclosed relics.

Encratites - Literally, "abstainers" or "persons who practised continency", because they refrained from the use of wine, animal food, and marriage.

Encyclical - According to its etymology, an encyclical is nothing more than a circular letter. In modern times, usage has confined the term almost exclusively to certain papal documents which differ in their technical form from the ordinary style of either Bulls or Briefs, and which in their superscription are explicitly addressed to the patriarchs, primates, archbishops, and bishops of the Universal Church in communion with the Apostolic See.

Encyclopedia - An abridgment of human knowledge in general or a considerable department thereof, treated from a uniform point of view or in a systematized summary.

Encyclopedists - Article by C.A. Dubray siscusses the group of philosophers who contributed to the Encyclopédie.

Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus - Austrian botanist, linguist, and historian, b. at Pressburg, Hungary, 24 June, 1804; d. at Vienna, 28 March, 1849.

Endowment - A property, fund, or revenue permanently appropriated for the support of any person, institution, or object, as a student, professorship, school, hospital.

Energy, The Law of Conservation of - Includes the history and philosophy.

Engaddi - The name of a warm spring near the center of the west shore of the Dead Sea, and also of a town situated in the same place.

Engel, Ludwig - Canonist, b. at Castle Wagrein, Austria; d. at Grillenberg, 22 April 1694.

Engelberg, Abbey of - A Benedictine monastery in Switzerland, formerly in the Diocese of Constance.

Engelbert - Abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Admont in Styria, b. of noble parents at Volkersdorf in Styria, c. 1250; d. 12 May, 1331.

Engelbert of Cologne, Saint - Went from excommunicated worldly soldier to martyred archbishop. He was killed by his cousin in 1225.

Engelbrechtsen, Cornelis - Dutch painter, b. at Leyden, 1468; d. there 1533; is believed to have been identical with a certain Cornelis de Hollandere who was a member of the Guild of St. Luke at Antwerp in 1492.

England (After 1558) - Article on the relation of the post-Reformation Catholic church to the English state.

England (Before the Reformation) - This term England is here restricted to one constituent, the largest and most populous, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

England, John - First Bishop of Charleston, S.C. (1786-1842)

Englefield, Sir Henry Charles, Bart. - Antiquary and scientist, b. 1752; d. 21 March, 1822.

English College, The, in Rome - Information on its foundation, scholastic status, and students.

English Confessors and Martyrs (1534-1729) - Since this article was published, some of the causes for canonization have been successful, and others have progressed from "venerable" to "blessed."

English Hierarchy, Reorganization of the - The restoration of the English hierarchy in 1850 was a milestone for English Catholics after the Penal Times.

English Literature - Latin, French, Italian, Greek, and Spanish literatures are a few of the influences.

Ennodius, Magnus Felix - Rhetorician and bishop, b. probably at Arles, in Southern Gaul, in 474; d. at Pavia, Italy, 17 July, 521.

Ensingen, Ulrich - Belonged to a family of architects who came from Einsingen near Ulm, Wurtemberg, and who shared as master-builders in the construction of the most important Gothic buildings of the fifteenth century in Southern Germany.

Entablature - A superstructure which lies horizontally upon the columns in classic architecture.

Enthronization - From Greek 'enthronízein, to place on a throne.

Eoghan, Saints - Some details on five Irish saints of this name.

Epact - The surplus days of the solar over the lunar year; hence, more freely, the number of days in the age of the moon on 1 January of any given year. The whole system of epacts is based on the Metonic Lunar Cycle, and serves to indicate the days of the year on which the new moons occur.

Eparchy - Originally the name of one of the divisions of the Roman Empire.

Epée, Charles-Michel de l' - A philanthropic priest and inventor of the sign alphabet for the instruction of the deaf and dumb; was b. at Versailles, 25 November, 1712; d. at Paris, 23 December, 1789.

Eperies - Diocese of the Greek Ruthenian Rite, suffragan to Gran.

Ephesians, Epistle to the - The letter which, in the manuscripts containing the Epistles of St. Paul, bears the title "To the Ephesians" comprises two parts distinctly separated by a doxology (Eph., iii, 20 sq.).

Ephesus - A titular archiespiscopal see in Asia Minor, said to have been founded in the eleventh century B.C. by Androcles, son of the Athenian King Codrus, with the aid of Ionian colonists.

Ephesus, Council of - The third ecumenical council, held in 431.

Ephesus, Robber Council of - The Acts of the first session of this synod were read at the Council of Chalcedon, 451, and have thus been preserved. The remainder of the Acts are known only through a Syriac translation by a Monophysite monk, published from the British Museum MS. Addit. 14,530, written in the year 535.

Ephesus, Seven Sleepers of - One of the many examples of the legend about a man who falls asleep and years after wakes up to find the world changed.

Ephod - a kind of garment, which differed according to its use by the high-priest, by other persons present at religious services, or as the object of idolatrous worship.

Ephraem, Saint - Long article on the life and works of the hermit, deacon, poet.

Ephraim of Antioch - One of the defenders of the Faith of Chalcedon (451) against the Monophysites, b. at Amida in Mesopotamia; d. in 545.

Epicureanism - In its popular sense, the word stands for a refined and calculating selfishness, seeking not power or fame, but the pleasures of sense, particularly of the palate, and those in company rather than solitude.

Epiklesis - The name of a prayer that occurs in all Eastern liturgies (and originally in Western liturgies also) after the words of Institution, in which the celebrant prays that God may send down His Holy Spirit to change this bread and wine into the Body and Blood of His Son.

Epiphania - A titular see in Cilicia Secunda, in Asia Minor, suffragan of Anazarbus.

Epiphanius - A translator of various Greek works in the middle of the sixth century of the Christian Era.

Epiphanius of Constantinople - Succeeded John II (518-20) as Patriarch of Constantinople.

Epiphanius of Salamis, Saint - Biographical article on the fourth-century monk and bishop.

Epiphany - The feast was called among the Syrians denho (up-going), a name to be connected with the notion of rising light expressed in Luke. I, 78.

Epistemology - That branch of philosophy which is concerned with the value of human knowledge.

Epistle (in Scripture) - The Old Testament exhibits two periods in its idea of an epistle: first, it presents the epistle under the general concept of a book or a writing; secondly, it regards the epistle as a distinct literary form. The New Testament presents a very highly developed form of an epistle.

Epping, Joseph - German astronomer and Assyriologist, b. at Neuenkirchen near Rhine in Westphalia, 1 Dec., 1835; d. at Exaeten, Holland, 22 Aug., 1894.

Erasmus, Desiderius - Article by Joseph Sauer. An extensive overview of the life, works and impact of this scholar.

Erastus and Erastianism - The name "Erastianism" is often used in a somewhat loose sense as denoting an undue subservience of the Church to the State.

Ercilla y Zúñiga, Alonso de - Spanish soldier and poet, born in Madrid, 7 August, 1533; died in the same city, 29 November, 1594.

Erconwald, Saint - Monk, Bishop of London, founded two monasteries, d. about 690. Biography.

Erdeswicke, Sampson - Antiquarian, date of birth unknown; died 1603.

Erdington Abbey - Situated in a suburb of Birmingham, Warwickshire, England, belongs to the Benedictine congregation of St. Martin of Beuron, Germany, and is dedicated to St. Thomas of Canterbury.

Erhard of Ratisbon, Saint - Seventh-century Irish-born missionary bishop.

Erie - Diocese established 1853.

Eriugena, John Scotus - Article by William Turner recounts this scholar's life and influence, and evaluates his teachings.

Ermland - A district of East Prussia and an exempt bishopric. St. Adalbert of Prague (d. 997) and St. Bruno of Querfurt (d. 1009) converted the early inhabitants of this region, the heathen Prussians, to Christianity and two centuries later Teutonic Knights and members of the Cistercian Order introduced civilization also into the land.

Ernakulam, Vicariate Apostolic of - In May, 1887, the churches of Syrian Rite in Malabar were separated from those of the Latin Rite and formed into the Vicariates of Trichur and Kottayam under European prelates. In response, however, to the petitions of the Syrian Catholics desirous of obtaining bishops of their own race and rite, Leo XIII by his brief "Quae Rei Sacrae" (28 July, 1896) divided the territory anew into three vicariates: Trichur, Changanacherry, and Ernakulam.

Ernan, Saint - Some people count more than two dozen saints of this name. Article tries to distinguish four of them.

Ernst of Hesse-Rheinfels - The sixth son of Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, after whose resignation of the government in 1627 to his son Wilhelm V, Ernst and his brother Hermann respectively founded the collateral lines of Hesse-Rheinfels and Hesse-Rotenburg.

Ernulf - Architect, b. at Beauvais, France, in 1040; d. 1124.

Errington, William - Priest, founder of Sedgley Park School, b. 17 July, 1716; d. 28 September, 1768.

Error - Reduplicatively regarded, is in one way or another the product of ignorance. But besides the lack of information which it implies, it adds the positive element of a mental judgment, by which something false is held to be true, or something true avouched to be false.

Erskine, Charles - Cardinal, b. at Rome, 13 Feb., 1739; d. at Paris, 20 March, 1811.

Erthal, Franz Ludwig von - Prince-Bishop of Würzburg and Bamberg, b. at Lohr on the Main, 16 September, 1730; d. at Würzburg, 16 February, 1795.

Erthal, Friedrich Karl Joseph, Freiherr von - Last Elector and Archbishop of Mainz, b. 3 Jan., 1719, at Mainz; d. 25 July, 1802, at Aschaffenburg.

Erwin of Steinbach - One of the architects of the Strasburg cathedral, date of birth unknown; d. at Strasburg, 17 January, 1318.

Erythrae - A titular see in Asia Minor. According to legend the city was founded by colonists from Crete.

Erzerum (Theodosiopolis) - The kings of Armenia established their summer residence here. Later Garin fell into the power of the Byzantines, who named it Theodosiopolis (415), under which title it is still a Latin titular see.

Esau - The eldest son of Isaac and Rebecca, the twin-brother of Jacob.

Esch, Nicolaus van - A famous mystical theologian, b. in Oisterwijk near Hertogenbosch (Boisle-Duc), Holland, in 1507; d. 19 July, 1578.

Eschatology - A survey of the subject in various pre-Christian religions and cultures, an examination of the development of eschatology in the Old Testament, brief overview of Christian teaching.

Escobar, Marina de - Mystic and foundress of a modified branch of the Brigittine Order b. at Valladolid, Spain, 8 Feb., 1554; d. there 9 June, 1633.

Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio - Preacher and writer, born at Valladolid in 1589; died there, 4 July, 1669.

Escorial, The - A building in Spain situated on the south-eastern slope of the Sierra Guadarrama about twenty-seven miles north-west of Madrid. Its proper title is El Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo del Escorial , Escorial being the name of a small town in the vicinity.

Esdras - Or Ezra. Article on the man and the books which bear his name.

Esglis, Louis-Philippe Mariauchau d' - Eighth Bishop of Quebec, Canada; born Quebec, 24 April, 1710; died 7 June, 1788.

Eskil - Archbishop of Lund, Skåne, Sweden; b. about 1100; d. at Clairvaux, 6 (7?) Sept., 1181.

Eskimo - A littoral race occupying the entire Arctic coast and outlying islands of America from below Cook Inlet in Alaska to the mouth of the St. Lawrence.

Esnambuc, Pierre Belain, Sieur d' - Captain in the French marine, b. 1565, at Allouville, near Yvetot (Seine-Inferieure); d. at St. Christopher in Dec., 1636.

Espejo, Antonio - A Spanish explorer, whose fame rests upon a notable expedition which he conducted into New Mexico and Arizona in 1582-3.

Espen, Zeger Bernhard van - Belgian canonist, born at Louvain, 9 July, 1646; died at Amersfoort, Netherlands, 2 Oct., 1728.

Espence, Claude D' - French theologian, born in 1511 at Châlons-sur-Marne; died 5 Oct., 1571, at Paris.

Espinel, Vincent - Poet and novelist; born at Ronda (Malaga), Spain, 1544; died at Madrid, 1634.

Espinosa, Alonso De - Spanish priest and historian of the sixteenth century.

Espousals - A contract of future marriage between a man and a woman, who are thereby affianced.

Espousals of the Blessed Virgin Mary - A feast of the Latin Church.

Essence and Existence - Essence, describe