Catholic Encyclopedia H

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Haarlem - One of the suffragan sees of the Archdiocese of Utrecht in the Netherlands.

Habacuc (Habakkuk) - Article on the minor prophet of the Old Testament, and his book.

Haberl, Francis Xavier - Music historian. (1840-1910)

Habington, William - Poet and historian; born at Hindlip, Worcestershire, 1605; died 1654; son of Thomas Habington the antiquarian.

Habit - Habit is an effect of repeated acts and an aptitude to reproduce them, and may be defined as "a quality difficult to change, whereby an agent whose nature it is to work one way or another indeterminately, is disposed easily and readily at will to follow this or that particular line of action".

Habor River - A river of Mesopotamia in Asiatic Turkey, an important eastern affluent of the Euphrates.

Haceldama - The name given by the people to the potter's field, purchased with the price of the treason of Judas.

Hadewych, Blessed - Prioress of the Premonstratensian convent of Mehre, d. around 1200. Also known as Hedwig or Hadewig.

Hadrian, Publius Aelius - Emperor of the Romans; born 24 January, A. D. 76 at Rome; died 10 July, 138.

Hadrian, Saint - Article on this martyr, who died in about 306.

Hadrumetum - A titular see of Byzacena.

Haeften, Benedict van - Benedictine writer, provost of the Monastery of Afflighem, Belgium; born at Utrecht, 1588; died 31 July, 1648.

Hagen, Gottfried - Town clerk of Cologne, and author of the Cologne "Reimchronik" (rhymed chronicle); died 1299.

Haggith - One of David's wives (II Kings, iii,4).

Hagiography - The name given to that branch of learning which has the saints and their worship for its object.

Hague, The - Capital and seat of Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands as well as of the (civil) Province of South Holland.

Hahn-Hahn, Ida - Countess, convert and authoress, born 22 June, 1805; died 12 January, 1880.

Haid, Herenaus - Catechist, born in the Diocese of Ratisbon, 16 February, 1784; died 7 January, 1873.

Hail Mary - Analysis of the prayer Ave Maria: origins and development.

Haimhausen, Karl von - German missionary; b. at Munich, of a noble Bavarian family, 28 May, 1692; d. in Chile, 7 April, 1767.

Hair (in Christian Antiquity) - The paintings in the catacombs permit the belief that the early Christians simply followed the fashion of their time. The short hair of the men and the waved tresses of the women were, towards the end of the second century, curled, frizzed with irons, and arranged in tiers, while for women the hair twined about the head forming a high diadem over the brow.

Hairshirt - A garment of rough cloth made from goats' hair and worn in the form of a shirt or as a girdle around the loins, by way of mortification and penance.

Haiti - An island of the Greater Antilles.

Haito - Bishop of Basle; b. in 763, of a noble family of Swabia; d. 17 March, 836, in the Abbey of Reichenau, on an island in the Lake of Constance.

Hakodate - Comprises the six northern provinces of the island of Nippon, the island of Yezo, and the Kurile Islands, as well as the administration of the southern part of the island of Saghalin, which still belongs to the Diocese of Mohilev.

Hakon the Good - King of Norway, 935 (936) to 960 (961), youngest child of King Harold Fair Hair and Thora Mosterstang.

Halicarnassus - A titular see of Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis.

Halifax - This see takes its name from the city of Halifax which has been the seat of government in Nova Scotia since its foundation by Lord Cornwallis in 1749.

Hallahan, Margaret - Foundress of the Dominican Congregation of St. Catherine of Siena (third order); b. in London, 23 January, 1803; d. 10 May, 1868.

Haller, Karl Ludwig von - A professor of constitutional law, b. 1 August, 1768, at Berne, d. 21 May, 1854, at Solothurn, Switzerland.

Halloy, Jean-Baptiste-Julien D'Omalius - Belgian geologist, b. at Liège, Belgium, 16 February, 1783; d. at Brussels, 15 January, 1875.

Halma, Nicholas - French mathematician; born at Sedan, 31 December, 1755; died at Paris, 4 June, 1828.

Hamar, Ancient See of - Located in Norway.

Hamatha - A titular see of Syria Secunda, suffragan of Apamea.

Hamburg - A city supposed to be identical with the Marionis of Ptolemy, was founded by a colony of fishermen from Lower Saxony.

Hamilton, John - Archbishop of St. Andrews; b. 1511; d. at Stirling, 1571; a natural son of James, first Earl of Arran.

Hamilton, Ontario, Diocese of - Located in Ontario, Canada; a suffragan of Toronto.

Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph, Baron von - A distinguished Austrian Orientalist; b. at Graz, 9 June, 1774; d. at Vienna, 23 November, 1856.

Hammurabi - The sixth king of the first Babylonian dynasty.

Hamsted, Adrian - Founder of the sect of Adrianists; born at Dordrecht, 1524; died at Bruges, 1581.

Haneberg, Daniel Bonifacius von - German prelate and Orientalist of the nineteenth century, b. At Tanne near Kempten, Bavaria, 16 June, 1816.

Hanover - The former Kingdom of Hanover has been a province of the Prussian monarchy since 20 September, 1866.

Hansiz, Markus - Historian, b. at Volkermarkt, Carinthia, Austria, 25 April, 1683; d. at Vienna, 5 September, 1766.

Hanthaler, Chrysostomus - A Cistercian, historical investigator and writer. (1690-1754)

Hanxleden, Johann Ernest - Jesuit missionary in the East Indies: b at Ostercappeln, near Osnabruck, in Hanover, 1681; d. in Malabar, 20 March, 1732.

Happiness - The primary meaning of this term in all the leading European languages seems to involve the notion of good fortune, good chance, good happening.

Harbor Grace - Diocese in Newfoundland, erected in 1856.

Hardee, William J. - Soldier, convert, b. at Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1817, d. at Wytheville, Virginia, 6 Nov., 1873.

Hardey, Mary Aloysia - Of the Society of the Sacred Heart, who established all the convents of her order, up to the year 1883, in the eastern part of the United States, Canada, and Cuba; b. at Piscataway, Maryland, 1809; d. at Paris, France, 17 June. 1886.

Harding, Thomas - Controversialist; b. at Combe Martin, Devon, 1516 d. at Louvain, Sept., 1572.

Hardman, Mary Juliana - Known in religion as Sister Mary; b. 26 April, 1813; d. 24 March, 1884.

Hardouin, Jean - Jesuit, and historian; b. at Quimper, Brittany, 23 Dec., 1646, son of a bookseller of that town; d. at Paris, 3 Sept., 1729.

Hardyng, John - An English chronicler; b. 1378; d. about 1460.

Hare Indians - A Déné tribe which shares with the Loucheux the distinction of being the northernmost in America, their habitat being immediately south of that of the Eskimos.

Harland, Henry - American novelist. (1861-1905)

Harlay, Family of - An important family of parliamentarians and bishops, who deserve a place in religious history.

Harlez de Deulin, Charles-Joseph de - A Belgian Orientalist, domestic prelate, canon of the cathedral of Liège, member of the Academic Royale of Belgium; b. at Liège, 21 August, 1832; d. at Louvain, 14 July, 1899.

Harmony - A concord of sounds, several tones of different pitch sounded as a chord; among the Greeks, the general term for music.

Harney - William Selby Harney, soldier, convert; b. near Haysboro, Tennessee, U.S.A., 27 August, 1800; d. at St. Louis, Missouri, 9 May, 1889. John Milton Harney, brother of foregoing, b. in Delaware, 9 March, 1789; d. at Somerset, Kentucky, 15 January, 1825.

Harold Bluetooth - Son of King Gorm the Old of Denmark. (911-986)

Harold, Francis - Irish Franciscan and historical writer, d. at Rome, 18 March, 1685.

Harpasa - A titular see of Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis.

Harper, Thomas Morton - Priest, philosopher, theologian and preacher. Born in London 26 Sept., 1821, of Anglican parents, his father being a merchant of good means in the City; d. 29 Aug., 1893.

Harris, Joel Chandler - Folklorist, novelist, poet, journalist; born at Eatonton, Georgia, U.S.A., 1848; died at Atlanta, Georgia, 3 July, 1908.

Harrisburg - Diocese in Pennsylvania.

Harrison, James - Priest and martyr; b. in the Diocese of Lichfield, England, date unknown; d. at York, 22 March, 1602.

Harrison, William - Third and last archpriest of England, b. in Derbyshire in 1553; d. 11 May, 1621.

Harrowing of Hell - This is the Old English and Middle English term for the triumphant descent of Christ into hell (or Hades) between the time of His Crucifixion and His Resurrection, when, according to Christian belief, He brought salvation to the souls held captive there since the beginning of the world.

Hartford - Diocese of Hartford, established by Gregory XVI, 18 Sept., 1843.

Hartmann, Georg - Mechanician and physicist; b. at Eckoltsheim, Bavaria, 9 Feb. 1489; d. at Nuremberg, 9 April, 1564.

Hartmann von Aue - A Middle High German epic poet and minnesinger; died between 1210 and 1220.

Hasak, Vincenz - Historian, b. at Neustadt, near Friedland, Bohemia , 18 July, 1812; d. 1 September, 1889, as dean of Weisskirchlitz, near Teplitz.

Haschka, Lorenz Leopold - A poet-author of the Austrian national anthem; b. at Vienna, 1 Sept. 1749, d. there 3 Aug., 1827, was in his youth a member of the Society of Jesus.

Haspinger, Johann Simon - A Tyrolese priest and patriot; b. at Gries, Tyrol, 28 October, 1776; d. in the imperial palace of Mirabell, Salzburg, 12 January, 1858.

Hassard, John Rose Greene - An editor, historian; b. in New York, U.S.A., 4 September, 1836; d. in that city, 18 April, 1888.

Hasslacher, Peter - Preacher; b. at Coblenz, 14 August, 1810; d. at Paris, 5 July, 1876.

Hatred - In general, a vehement aversion entertained by one person for another, or for something more or less identified with that other.

Hatto - Archbishop of Mainz; b. of a noble Swabian family, c. 850; d. 15 May, 913.

Hatton, Edward Anthony - Dominican, apologist; b. in 1701; d. at Stourton Lodge, near Leeds, Yorkshire, 23 October, 1783.

Hauara - A titular see of Palestina Tertia, suffragan of Petra.

Haudriettes - A religious congregation founded in Paris early in the fourteenth century by Jeanne, wife of Etienne Haudry, a private secretary of St. Louis, King of France.

Haughery, Margaret - "The mother of the orphans", as she was familiarly styled, b. in Cavan, Ireland, about 1814; d. at New Orleans, Louisiana, 9 February, 1882.

Hauréau, Jean-Barthélemy - Historian and publicist; b. at Paris, 1812; d. there, 1896.

Hautecombe - A Cistercian monastery near Aix-les-Bains in Savoy.

Hautefeuille, Jean de - French physicist, b. at Orléans, 20 March, 1647; d. there, 18 October, 1724.

Hauteserre - Antoine Dadin d'Hauteserre, born 1602, died 1682; a distinguished French historian and canonist, dean of the faculty of law at the University of Toulouse. Flavius Hauteserre, younger brother of the above, died about 1670; professor of law at Poitiers.

Hauy, René-Just - Mineralogist; b. at Saint-Just (Oise), 28 Feb., 1743; d. at Paris, 3 June, 1822.

Hauy, Valentin - Founder of the first school for the blind, and known under the name of "Father and Apostle of the Blind". (1745-1822)

Hauzeur, Mathias - A Franciscan theologian, b. at Verviers, 1589; d. at Liège 12 November, 1676, for many years professor of theology.

Havana - Jurisdiction of the See of Havana comprises the two provinces of Havana and Matanzas.

Havestadt, Bernhard - German Jesuit; b. at Cologne, 27 February, 1714; died at Münster after 1778.

Hawarden, Edward - Theologian and controversialist, b. in Lancashire, England, 9 April, 1662; d. in London, 23 April, 1735.

Hawes, Stephen - Poet; b. in Suffolk about 1474; d. about 1523.

Hawker, Robert Stephen - Poet and antiquary; b. at Plymouth 3 December, 1803, d. there 15 August, 1875.

Hawkins, Sir Henry - Raised to the peerage as Lord Brampton, eminent English lawyer and Judge, b. at Hitchin, Hertfordshire, 14 September, 1817; d. at London, 12 October, 1907.

Hay, Edmund and John - Edmund Hay, jesuit, and envoy to Mary Queen of Scots, b. 1540?; d. at Rome, 4 Nov., 1591. John Hay, kinsman and contemporary of Edmund, of the family of Hay of Dalgetti; b., 1546; d. at Pont-à-Mousson, 1608; a well-known scholar, professor, and writer.

Hay, George - Bishop and writer, b. at Edinburgh, 24 Aug., 1729; d. at Aquhorties, 18 Oct., 1811.

Haydn, Franz Joseph - Famous composer. (1732-1809)

Haydn, Johann Michael - Younger brother of Franz Joseph Haydn. (1737-1806)

Haydock, George Leo - Priest and biblical scholar. (1774-1849)

Haymo - Benedictine bishop. (d. 853)

Haymo of Faversham - English Franciscan and schoolman, b. at Faversham, Kent; d. at Anagni, Italy, in 1243, according to the most probable opinion; Wadding gives 1244.

Haynald, Lajos - Cardinal, Archbishop of Kalocsa-Bács in Hungary; b. at Szécsény, 3 October, 1816; d. at Kalocsa, 3 July, 1891.

Hazart, Cornelius - Controversialist, orator, and writer, b. 28 October, 1617, at Oudenarde in the Netherlands; entered the Society of Jesus, 24 Sept., 1634; d. 25 October, 1690, at Antwerp.

Healy, George Peter Alexander - An American portrait and historical painter, b. at Boston, 15 July, 1808; d. at Chicago, 14 June 1894.

Hearse, Tenebrae - The triangular candlestick used in the Tenebrae service.

Heart of Jesus, Devotion to the Sacred - Description, spiritual significance, and historical background of devotion to the Sacred Heart.

Heart of Mary, Congregations of - Details on several congregations under this name.

Heart of Mary, Devotion to the Immaculate - Description of this devotion, along with its history.

Heaven - In the Holy Bible the term heaven denotes, in the first place, the blue firmament, or the region of the clouds that pass along the sky. Gen., i, 20, speaks of the birds "under the firmament of heaven". In other passages it denotes the region of the stars that shine in the sky. Furthermore heaven is spoken of as the dwelling of God; for, although God is omnipresent, He manifests Himself in a special manner in the light and grandeur of the firmament.

Hebrew Bible - As compared with the Latin Vulgate, the Hebrew Bible includes the entire Old Testament with the exception of the seven deuterocanonical books, Tobias, Judith, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, I and II Machabees, and the deuterocanonical portions of Esther (x, 4 to end) and Daniel (iii, 24-90; xiii; xiv).

Hebrew Language and Literature - Hebrew was the language spoken by the ancient Israelites, and in which were composed nearly all of the books of the Old Testament.

Hebrews, Epistle to the - The central thought of the entire Epistle is the doctrine of the Person of Christ and His Divine mediatorial office.

Hebrides, New - Vicariate Apostolic of New Hebrides; in Oceania.

Hebron - An ancient royal city of Chanaan, famous in biblical history, especially at the time of the patriarchs and under David.

Hecker, Isaac Thomas - Missionary, author, founder of the Paulists; b. in New York, 18 December, 1819; d. there, 22 Dec., 1888.

Hedonism - The name given to the group of ethical systems that hold, with various modifications, that feelings of pleasure or happiness are the highest and final aim of conduct; that, consequently those actions which increase the sum of pleasure are thereby constituted right, and, conversely, what increases pain is wrong.

Hedwig, Saint - Duchess of Silesia, aunt of St. Elizabeth of Hungary. Hedwig married Henry I, and was the mother of seven. Upon her husband's death, she entered a Cistercian monastery. Died 1243.

Heeney, Cornelius - Merchant and philanthropist; b. in King's County, Ireland, 1754; d. at Brooklyn, U.S.A., 3 May, 1848.

Heereman von Zuydwyk, Freiherr von - Catholic statesman and writer on art, b. 26 Aug., 1832, at Surenburg near Riesenbeck, Westphalia; d. 23 March, 1903, at Berlin.

Heeswijk - A village in the diocese of Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc), Holland, in which the dispersed religious of the confiscated Norbertine Abbey of Berne created a new abbey and college.

Hefele, Karl Joseph von - Bishop of Rottenburg, b. at Unterkochen, Würtemberg, 15 March, 1890; d. at Rottenburg, 5 June, 1893.

Hegelianism - Article by William Turner, evaluating this school of thought.

Hegesippus, Saint - Second-century writer, opposed Marcionism and Gnosticism.

Hegesippus, The Pseudo- - Fourth-century translator of Josephus.

Hegius, Alexander - Humanist; b. probably in 1433, at Heeck (Westphalia); d. 7 December, 1498.

Heidelberg, University of - The fame of Heidelberg is due to its university, which was founded in 1386 by the warlike Rupert I of Wittelsbach when he was over seventy years of age, on the model of the University of Paris.

Heiligenkreuz - An existing Cistercian monastery in the Wienerwald, eight miles north-west of Baden in Lower Austria.

Heilsbronn - Formerly a Cistercian monastery in the Diocese of Eichstatt in Middle Franconia.

Heilsbronn, Monk of - This name indicates the unknown author of some small mystical treatises, written about the beginning of the fourteenth century at the Cistercian Abbey of Heilsbronn.

Heim, François Joseph - French historical painter, b. near Belfort, 1787, d. in Paris, 1865.

Heinrich der Glïchezäre - A Middle High German poet, author of a narrative poem "Reinhart Fuchs".

Heinrich von Ahaus - Founder of the Brethren of the Common Life in Germany. (1371-1439)

Heinrich von Laufenberg - A German poet of the fifteenth century, d. at Strasburg in 1460; he was a priest in Freiburg (Breisgau), and later dean of the cathedral.

Heinrich von Meissen - Usually called "Frauenlob" (Woman's praise), a Middle High German lyric poet; b. at Meissen about 1250; d. at Mainz, 1318.

Heinrich von Melk - German satirist of the twelfth century; of knightly birth and probably a lay brother in the convent of Melk, in Styria.

Heinrich von Veldeke - A medieval German poet of knightly rank; b. near Maastricht in the Netherlands about the middle of the twelfth century.

Heinz, Joseph - Swiss painter. (1564-1609)

Heis, Eduard - German astronomer, b. at Cologne, 18 February, 1806; d. at Münster, Westphalia, 30 June, 1877.

Heisterbach - A former Cistercian monastery in the Siebengebirge near the little town of Oberdollendorf in the Archdiocese of Cologne.

Helen of Sköfde, Saint - Biography of the twelfth-century Swedish widow and martyr, killed in perhaps the year 1160.

Helena (Montana) - Erected from the Vicariate of Montana, 7 March, 1884.

Helena, Saint - The mother of Constantine the Great, she died about 330.

Helenopolis - A titular see of Bithynia Prima, suffragan of Prusa.

Heli - Discusses the Old Testament priest, and the New Testament father of Joseph.

Heliae, Paul - A Carmelite, opponent of the Reformation in Denmark, born at Warberg (in the Laen of Halland), about 1480; died after 1534.

Heliand, The - The oldest complete work of German literature.

Helinand - Medieval poet, chronicler, and ecclesiastical writer.

Heliogabalus - The name adopted by Varius Avitus Bassianus, Roman emperor (218-222), born of a Syrian family and a grandnephew of Julia Domna, the consort of Emperor Septimus Severus.

Hell - Hell (infernus) in theological usage is a place of punishment after death.

Hell, Maximilian - Astronomer, b. at Schemnitz in Hungary, 15 May, 1720; d. at Vienna, 14 April, 1792.

Hello, Ernest - 19th-century French philosopher and essayist. Article by Susan Tracy Otten.

Helmold - A historian, born in the first half of the twelfth century; died about 1177.

Helmont, Jan Baptista van - Born at Brussels, 1577; died near Vilvorde, 30 December, 1644. This scientist, distinguished in the early annals of chemistry, belonged to a Flemish family.

Helpers of the Holy Souls, Society of the - A religious order of women founded in Paris, France, 1856, with the object of assisting the Holy Souls, by [Blessed] Eugénie Smet (in religion, Marie de la Providence).

Helpidius, Flavius Rusticius - The name of several Latin writers.

Helyot, Pierre - Usually known as Hippolyte, his name in religion. Born at Paris, in 1660; died there 5 January, 1716.

Hemmerlin, Felix - A provost at Solothurn, in Switzerland, born at Zurich, in 1388 or 1389; died about 1460.

Henderson, Issac Austin - Theologian, musician, singer, and writer. (1850-1909)

Hendrick, Thomas Augustine - Twenty-second Bishop of Cebú, Philippine Islands, b. at Penn Yan, New York, U.S.A., 29 Oct., 1849; d. at Cebú, 29 Nov., 1909.

Hengler, Lawrence - Catholic priest and the inventor of the horizontal pendulum, b. at Reichenhofen, Würtemberg, 3 Feb., 1806; d. at Tigerfeld, 1858.

Hennepin, Louis - One of the most famous explorers in the wilds of North America during the seventeenth century.

Henoch - The name of the son of Cain (Gen., iv, 17, 18), of a nephew of Abraham (Gen., xxv, 4), of the first-born of Ruben (Gen., xlvi, 9), and of the son of Jared and the father of Mathusala (Gen., v. 18 sq.).

Henoch, Book of (Ethiopic) - Introductory article.

Henoticon - The unsuccessful law made by the Emperor Zeno in order to conciliate Catholics and Monophysites.

Henri de Saint-Ignace - A Carmelite theologian, b. in 1630, at Ath in Hainaut, Belgium; d. in 1719 or 1720, near Liège.

Henrion, Mathieu-Richard-Auguste - Baron, French magistrate, historian, and journalist; b. at Metz, 19 June, 1805; d. at Aix, September, 1862.

Henríquez, Crisóstomo - A Cistercian of the Spanish Congregation; b. at Madrid, 1594; d. 23 December, 1632, at Louvain.

Henríquez, Enrique - Jesuit theologian, b. at Oporto, 1536; d. at Tivoli, 28 January, 1608.

Henry Abbot, Blessed - A layman and convert to Catholicism, martyred at York in 1597. Explains the circumstances which led to his martyrdom.

Henry Heath, Blessed - Short biography of the English Franciscan, martyred for being a priest. He died in 1643.

Henry II - Biographical article that focuses on the King of England's constitutional and legal reforms, and his conflict with Thomas Becket.

Henry II, Saint - Biography of the German king and Holy Roman Emperor, d. 1024.

Henry III - German king and Holy Roman Emperor. (1017-1056)

Henry IV - German king and Holy Roman Emperor. (1050-1108)

Henry IV - King of France and Navarre. (1553-1610)

Henry Morse, Saint - English Jesuit who made his novitiate in prison. He was martyred at Tyburn in 1644.

Henry of Friemar - German theologian; b. at Friemar, a small town near Gotha in Thuringia, about the end of the thirteenth century; d. probably at Erfurt about 1355.

Henry of Ghent - A notable scholastic philosopher and theologian of the thirteenth century.

Henry of Herford - Friar and chronicler; date of birth unknown; died at Minden, 9 Oct., 1370.

Henry of Huntingdon - Historian; b. probably near Ramsey, Huntingdonshire, between 1080 and 1085; d. 1155.

Henry of Kalkar - Carthusian writer, b. at Kalkar in the Duchy of Cleves in 1328; d. at Cologne, 20 December, 1408.

Henry of Langenstein - Theologian and mathematician; b. about 1325 at the villa of Hainbuch (Hembuche), near Langenstein in Hesse; d. at Vienna, 11 Feb., 1397.

Henry of Nördlingen - A Bavarian secular priest, of the fourteenth century, date of death unknown; the spiritual adviser of Margaretha Ebner (died 1351), the mystic of Medingen.

Henry of Rebdorf - Alleged author of an imperial and papal chronicle of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

Henry of Segusio, Blessed - Usually called Hostiensis. Italian canonist, bishop of Ostia, d. 1261.

Henry Suso, Blessed - Biography of this German Dominican mystic, d. 1366.

Henry the Navigator, Prince - Born 4 March, 1394; died 13 November, 1460; he was the fourth son of John I, King of Portugal, by Queen Philippa, a daughter of John of Gaunt.

Henry V - German king and Holy Roman Emperor. (1081-1125)

Henry VI - German king and Holy Roman Emperor. (1165-1197)

Henry VIII - Lengthy article which concentrates on Henry's break with the Church of Rome.

Henry Walpole, Saint - Converted to Catholicism by the death of Edmund Campion. Walpole became a Jesuit priest, and was arrested as soon as he returned to England. He was martyred in 1595.

Henryson, Robert - Scottish poet, born probably 1420-1430; died about 1500.

Henschen, Godfrey - Jesuit, hagiographer; b. at Venray (Limburg), 21 June, 1601; d. at Antwerp, 11 Sept., 1681.

Hensel, Luise - Poetess and convert; born at Linum, 30 March, 1798; died. at Paderborn, 18 December, 1876.

Henten, John - John Henton, Biblical exegete, born 1499 at Nalinnes Belgium; died 10 Oct., 1566.

Heortology - The science of sacred festivals, embracing the principles of their origin, significance, and historical development, with reference to epochs or incidents in the Christian year.

Hephæstus - A titular see of Augustamnica Prima, mentioned by Hierocles (Synecd., 727, 9), by George of Cyprus, and by certain rare documents, as among the thirteen towns of that province.

Heptarchy - By the term heptarchy is understood that complexus of seven kingdoms, into which, roughly speaking, Anglo-Saxon Britain was divided for nearly three centuries, until at last the supremacy, about the year 829, fell definitely and finally into the hands of Wessex.

Heraclas - Bishop of Alexandria from 231 or 232; to 247 or 248.

Heraclea - A titular see of Thracia Prima.

Heraldry, Ecclesiastical - Information on heraldry as it is used in and by the Catholic Church.

Herbart and Herbartianism - Article on the life and philosophy of Johann Friedrich Herbart, by Michael Maher.

Herbert of Bosham - A biographer of St. Thomas Becket, dates of birth and death unknown.

Herbert of Derwentwater, Saint - Short biography of the seventh-century anchorite.

Herbert of Lea, Lady Elizabeth - English authoress and philanthropist. (1822-1911)

Herbst, Johann Georg - Born at Rottweil, in Würtemberg, 13 January, 1787; died 31 July, 1836.

Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo, Alejandro - Born at Lisbon, 28 March, 1810; died near Santarem, 13 Sept., 1877.

Herder - The name of a German firm of publishers and booksellers.

Herdtrich, Christian Wolfgang - An Austrian Jesuit missionary in China; born at Graz, Styria, 25 June, 1625; d. 18 July, 1684.

Heredity - The offspring tends to resemble, sometimes with extraordinary closeness, the parents.

Hereford, Ancient Diocese of - Located in England.

Hereswitha, Saint - Also known as Haeresvid or Hereswyde, blood sister of St. Hilda of Whitby. Mother, widow, and nun.

Heresy - St. Thomas defines heresy: "a species of infidelity in men who, having professed the faith of Christ, corrupt its dogmas".

Hergenröther, Joseph - Church historian and canonist, first Cardinal-Prefect of the Vatican Archives, b. at Würzburg, 15 Sept., 1824; d. at Mehrerau (Bodensee), 3 Oct., 1890.

Heribert - Archbishop of Milan. (1018-1045)

Heribert, Saint - Archbishop of Cologne, d. 1021.

Heriger of Lobbes - A medieval theologian and historian; born about 925; died 31 October, 1007.

Herincx, William - A theologian, born at Helmond, North Brabant, 1621; died 17 Aug., 1678.

Hermann Contractus - Chronicler, mathematician, and poet. (1013-1054)

Hermann I - Landgrave of Thuringia (1190-1217), famous as a patron of medieval German poets.

Hermann Joseph, Saint - Biographical article on this German Premonstratensian mystic, who died in 1241.

Hermann of Altach - A medieval historian; b. 1200 or 1201; d. 31 July, 1275.

Hermann of Fritzlar - With this name are connected two works on mysticism written in German.

Hermann of Minden - Provincial of the German province of Dominicans; b. at or near Minden on an unknown date; d. shortly after 1294.

Hermann of Salza - Fourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, descendant of the noble Thuringian house of Salza; b. 1180 at Langensalza in Thuringia; d. 19 March, 1239, at Barletta in Southern Italy.

Hermas - First or second century, author of the book called "The Shepherd" (Poimen, Pastor), a work which had great authority in ancient times and was ranked with Holy Scripture.

Hermas, Saint - The Roman Martyrology includes for 18 August Roman martyrs Hermas, Serapion, and Polyaenus. Ten days later a Roman martyr Hermes and Alexandrian martyrs Polienus and Serapion are commemorated. Perhaps they are the same.

Hermeneutics - Derived from a Greek word connected with the name of the god Hermes, the reputed messenger and interpreter of the gods.

Hermengild, Saint - The son of an Arian Visigothic king. His mother and wife were Catholic, and he converted to Catholicism, and resisted Arianism. He was beheaded in 585.

Hermes, George - Joseph Schulte's treatment of this German religious thinker.

Hermes, Saint - Martyr, Bishop of Salano (Spalato) in Dalmatia.

Hermite, Charles - Mathematician, born at Dieuze, Lorraine, 24 December, 1822; d. at Paris, 14 January, 1901;

Hermits - Also called anchorites, men who fled the society of their fellow-men to dwell alone in retirement.

Hermits of St. Augustine - A religious order which in the thirteenth century combined several monastic societies into one, under this name.

Hermon - A group of mountains forming the southern extremity of Anti-Lebanon, and marking on the east of the Jordan the northern boundary of Israel.

Hermopolis Magna - A titular see of Thebais Prima, suffragan of Antinoe, in Egypt.

Hermopolis Parva - A titular see of Ægyptus Prima, suffragan of Alexandria.

Herod - Herod was the name of many rulers mentioned in the N.T. and in history. It was known long before the time of the biblical Herods.

Herodias - Wife of Herod Philip, and mistress of Herod Antipas.

Heroic Act of Charity - A decree of the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences dated 18 December, 1885, and confirmed the following day by Leo XIII.

Heroic Virtue - St. Augustine first applied the pagan title of hero to the Christian martyrs.