Catholic Encyclopedia M

Nützliche Links über M in Kategorie Catholic Encyclopedia:

Maassen, Friedrich Bernard Christian - Professor of law. (1823-1900)

Mabillon, Jean - Benedictine monk of the Congregation of Saint-Maur. (1632-1707)

Mabinogion - A collection of medieval Welsh tales in prose.

Macao - Diocese; suffragan of Goa.

Macarius - Article on two saints named Macarius, both fourth-century Egyptian monks: St. Macarius the Egyptian ("the Elder") and St. Macarius the Alexandrian ("the Younger").

Macarius Magnes - A Christian apologist of the end of the fourth century.

Macarius of Antioch - A Patriarch, deposed in 681.

Macarius, Saint - Bishop of Jerusalem, d. 334. He was an opponent of Arianism.

Maccabees, The - A priestly family which under the leadership of Mathathias initiated the revolt against the tyranny of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King of Syria, and after securing Jewish independence ruled the commonwealth till overthrown by Herod the Great.

Maccabees, The Books of - The author, date, and contents of 1 and 2 Machabees. A brief look at 3 and 4 Machabees.

MacCaghwell, Hugh - Archbishop and theologian, born at Saul, Co. Down, 1571; died 22 September, 1626.

MacCarthy, Bartholomew - Irish scholar and chronologist (1843-1904).

MacCarthy, Denis Florence - Well-known Irish poet of the nineteenth century, born in Lower O'Connell Street, Dublin, 26 May, 1817; died at Blackrock, Dublin, 7 April, 1882.

MacCarthy, Nicholas Tuite - Called the Abbé de Lévignac, born in Dublin on 19 May, 1769; died at Annécy, Savoy, 3 May, 1833.

MacDonald, John - Laird of Glenaladale and Glenfinnan, philanthropist, colonizer, soldier, born in Glenaladale, Scotland, about 1742; died at Tracadie, Prince Edward Island, Canada, 1811; he was the son of Alexander and Margaret (MacDonnell of Scotus).

MacDonell, Alexander - First Bishop of Kingston, Ontario, Canada, b. 17 July 1760, at Inchlaggan in Glengarry, Scotland; d. 14 January, 1840, at Dumfries, Scotland.

Mace - A short, richly ornamented staff.

Macedo, Francisco - Known as a S. Augustino, O.F.M., theologian, born at Coimbra, Portugal, 1596; he entered the Jesuit Order in 1610, which however he left in 1638 in order to join the Discalced Franciscans.

Macerata and Tolentino - Located in the Marches, Central Italy.

MacFarland, Francis Patrick - Third Bishop of Hartford (q.v.) born at Franklin, Pennsylvania, 16 April, 1819; died at Hartford, Connecticut, 2 October, 1874.

MacGeoghegan, James - Born at Uisneach, Westmeath, Ireland, 1702; died at Paris, 1763. He came of a long family long settled in Westmeath and long holding a high position among the Leinster chiefs, and was related to that MacGeoghegan who defended the Castle of Dunboy against Carew, and also to Connell MacGeoghegan, who translated the Annals of Clonmacnoise.

MacHale, John - Born March 6, 1791 at Tubbernavine, Co. Mayo, Ireland; died at Tuam, November 4, 1881.

Machiavelli, Nicolò - Including a short biography, a list of his works and a summary of his ideas.

Machpelah - The burial-place in the vicinity of ancient Hebron which Abraham bought from Ephron the Hethite for the interment of Sara (Gen., xxiii, 9, 17).

Machutus, Saint - Also called Malo or Maclovius. According to this article, Machutus was baptized by St. Brendan the Navigator, and accompanied him on his famous voyage.

Mackenzie - This vicariate which was detached from the Athabaska-Mackenzie Vicariate in 1901 and intrusted to Mgr Gabriel Breynat, Titular Bishop of Adramytus, consecrated 6 April 1902, is bounded on the west by the Rocky Mountains, on the south by 60º latitude, on the east by the water-shed and is unlimited on the north towards the pole.

MacMahon, Heber - Bishop of Clogher, Ireland, and patriotic leader, born at Farney, County Monaghan, 1600; executed at Enniskillen in 1650.

MacNeven, William James - Irish-American physician and medical educator. (1763-1841)

Mâcon, Ancient Diocese of - Located in Burgundy. The city of Mâcon, formerly the capital of the Mâconnais, now of the Department of Saône-et-Loire, became a civitas in the fifth century, when it was separated from the Æduan territory.

Macri - A titular see in Mauretania Sitifiensis.

Macrina the Elder, Saint - Grandmother of SS. Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, and Macrina the Younger.

Macrina the Younger, Saint - Granddaughter of St. Macrina the Elder, and the sister of St. Gregory of Nyssa. She died in 379.

Mactaris - A titular see of the Byzantine Empire.

Madagascar - Island situated to the south-east of Africa.

Madaurus - A titular see of Numidia.

Madeleine-Sophie Barat, Saint - Founder of the Society of the Sacred Heart, d. 1865.

Maderna, Carlo - Known principally by his extension of St. Peter's, at the command of the pope, from the form of a Greek to that of a Latin cross. (1556-1629)

Maderno, Stefano - A sculptor of the Roman School and of the era just preceding Bernini, his contemporary. (1576-1636)

Madianites - An Arabian tribe introduced into history in the texts of Gen., xxv, 1-4 and I Chron., i, 32.

Madras - Archdiocese in India.

Madrid-Alcalá - Province and town in Spain.

Madruzzi, Christopher - Born of a noble family of Trent, 5 July, 1512; died at Tivoli, Italy, 5 July, 1578.

Madura Mission - The Madura mission owes its origin to Robert de Nobili, who commenced at Madura, in 1606, that peculiar method of propagating the faith which has made his name famous.

Maedoc, Saint - First bishop of Ferns, d. 626.

Maelruan, Saint - Founder and first abbot of Tallacht, d. around 791. Co-author with St. Aengus of the Rule of the Célidhé Dé.

Maelrubha, Saint - Abbot and martyr, died in 722.

Maerlant, Jacob van - Flemish poet of the Middle Ages, b. about 1235; d. after 1291.

Maestro di Camera del Papa - The maestro di camera is the real chief chamberlain. His authority extends over all matters concerning the daily personal service of His Holiness.

Maffei, Bernardino - Poet, orator, antiquarian (1514-1549).

Maffei, Francesco - Italian painter. (d. 1660)

Maffei, Marchese Francesco Scipione - Italian littérateur and archaeologist, b. at Verona, 1 June, 1675; d. there, 11 Feb., 1755.

Maffei, Raffaelo - Humanist, historian and theologian (1451-1522).

Magaud, Antoine-Dominique - French painter, b. at Marseilles 1817; d. there, 1899.

Magdala - It is perhaps the Migdal-El mentioned in the Old Testament (Jos., xix, 38) belonging to the tribe of Nephtali.

Magdalens - The members of certain religious communities of penitent women who desired to reform their lives.

Magdeburg - Capital of the Prussian Province of Saxony, situated on the Elbe; pop. 241,000; it is noted for its industries, particularly the production of sugar, its trade, and its commerce. From 968 until 1552 it was the seat of an archbishopric.

Mageddo - Situated on the torrent Qina, on the east of the Plain of Esdraelon opposite Jezrahel, commanded the central of the three passes that join the plain with the seaboard.

Magellan, Ferdinand - Short biographical article on the Portuguese explorer (1480-1521).

Magi - The "wise men from the East" who came to adore Jesus in Bethlehem (Matthew 2).

Magin Catalá - Born at Montblanch, Catalonia, Spain, 29 or 30 January, 1761; died at Santa Clara, California, 22 Nov., 1830. He received the habit of St. Francis at Barcelona on 4 April, 1777, and was ordained priest probably in 1785.

Maginn, Edward - Irish bishop (1802-1849).

Magistris, Simone de - Born in 1728; died 6 October, 1802; a priest of the Oratorio di S. Filippo Neri, at Rome, whom Pius VI created titular Bishop of Cyrene and provost of the Congregation for the correction of the liturgical books of Oriental Rites.

Magliabechi, Antonio - Italian scholar and librarian, b. 20 Oct., 1633, at Florence; d. there, 4 July, 1714.

Magna Carta - The charter of liberties granted by King John of England in 1215 and confirmed with modifications by Henry III in 1216, 1217, and 1225.

Magnesia - A titular see in Lydia, suffragan of Ephesus.

Magnien, Alphonse - An educator of the clergy, born at Bleymard, in the Diocese of Mende, France, 9 June, 1837; died 21 December, 1902.

Magnificat - The title commonly given to the Latin text and vernacular translation of the Canticle (or Song) of Mary.

Magnus, Olaus - Swedish historian and geographer, b. at Skeninge, Sweden, 1490; d. at Rome, 1 Aug., 1558.

Magnus, Saint - His "life" was re-edited twice, so that he is said in it to be a contemporary of St. Gall (early seventh century) but also of the first bishop of Augsburg (mid-eighth century).

Magnus, Valerianus - Born at Milan, 1586, presumably of the noble family of de Magni; died at Salzburg, 29 July, 1661. He received the Capuchin habit at Prague.

Magrath, John Macrory - Born in Munster, Ireland, in the fifteenth certury; date and place of death unknown. Like many of his ancestors, he was chief historian to the O'Briens, princes of Thomond and chiefs of the Dalcassian clans.

Magydus - A titular see of Pamphylia Secunda, suffragan of Perga.

Mai, Angelo - Roman cardinal and celebrated philologist, b. at Schilpario, in the Diocese of Bergamo, 7 March 1782; d. at Albano, 9 September 1854.

Maignan, Emmanuel - French physicist and theologian; b. at Toulouse, 17 July, 1601; d. at Toulouse, 29 October, 1676.

Mailla, Joseph-Anna-Marie de Moyria de - Jesuit missionary; b. 16 Dec., 1669, at Château Maillac on the Isère; d. 28 June, 1748, at Peking, China.

Maillard, Antoine-Simon - Missionary b. in France (parentage, place and date of birth unknown); d. 12 August, 1762.

Maillard, Oliver - Celebrated preacher, b. at Juignac, (?), Brittany, about 1430; d. at Toulouse, 22 July, 1502.

Maimbourg, Louis - French church historian, b. at Nancy, 10 January, 1610; d. at Paris, 13 August, 1686.

Maimonides, Teaching of Moses - Article by William Turner discusses this Jewish thinker's life and doctrines.

Maina Indians - A group of tribes constituting a distinct linguistic stock, the Mainan, ranging along the north bank of the Marañón.

Maine - Commonly known as the Pine Tree State, but is sometimes called the Star in the East.

Maine de Biran, François-Pierre-Gonthier - A philosopher; born at Grateloup near Bergerac, Dordogne, France, 29 November, 1766; died at Paris, 16 July, 1824.

Maintenon, Françoise, Marquise de - Born at Niort, 28 November 1635; died at Saint-Cyr, 15 April 1719. She was the granddaughter of the celebrated Protestant writer, Agrippa d'Aubigné.

Mainz - German town and bishopric in Hesse; formerly the seat of an archbishop and elector.

Maipure Indians - A former important group of tribes on the Upper Orinoco River, from above the Meta to the entrance of the Cassiquiare, in Venezuela and Columbia, speaking dialects of the Arawakan stock.

Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedey de - Founder of Montreal (d. 1676).

Maistre, Joseph-Marie, Comte de - Biographical article, summarizing his chief arguments for authority and against Gallicanism.

Maistre, Xavier de - French romance writer, younger brother of Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre, b. at Chambery, Savoy, in 1763; d. at St. Petershurg, 12 June, 1852.

Maitland - Located in New South Wales. Maitland, the principal settlement on Hunter River, was chosen as the title for a bishop in 1848.

Majano, Benedetto da - A well-known Florentine sculptor and architect of the Renaissance, b. at Majano, Tuscany. 1442; d. at Florence, 24 May, 1498.

Majorca and Iviza - A suffragan of Valencia, with the episcopal residence at Palma on the Island of Majorca.

Majordomo - Chief steward of the household of the pope.

Majority - The state of a person or thing greater, or superior, in relation to another person or thing.

Majunke, Paul - Catholic journalist, born at Gross-Schmograu in Silesia, 14 July, 1842; died at Hochkirch near Glogau, 21 May, 1899.

Malabar - The name of a district of India stretching about 145 miles along the west coast, south of Mangalore, in the general region of present-day Kerala.

Malabar Rites - Certain customs or practices of the natives of South India, which the Jesuit missionaries allowed their neophytes to retain after conversion, but which were afterwards prohibited by the Holy See.

Malacca - The Diocese of Malacca comprises the southern portions of the Malay Peninsula, otherwise known as the Straits Settlements.

Malachias (Malachi) - Examination of the Old Testament prophet and book.

Malachy, Saint - Abbot of Bangor, later Archbishop of Armagh, d. 1148. Article includes testimony from St. Bernard of Clairvaux on St. Malachy's character.

Malaga - Diocese in Spain, by the Concordat of 1851 made a suffragan of Granada, having previously been dependent on Seville.

Malagrida, Gabriel - A Jesuit missionary to Brazil, b. 18 September or 6 December, 1689, at Menaggio, in Italy; d. 21 September, 1761, at Lisbon.

Malatesta, House of - The name of an Italian family prominent in the history of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, famous alike in the poetry of Dante and in the annals of the early Renaissance.

Malchus - A name common in the Semitic languages and of special interest as being that borne by the Jewish servant whose ear was struck off by St. Peter.

Maldonado, Juan - A theologian and exegete, b. in 1533 at Casas de Reina, in the district of Llerena, 66 leagues from Madrid; d. at Rome, 5 Jan., 1583.

Malebranche, Nicolas - A philosopher and theologian, priest of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri; b. at Paris, 6 Aug., 1638; d. 13 Oct 1715.

Malediction (in Scripture) - Four principal words are rendered maledictio in the Vulgate, "curse" in Douay Version.

Malherbe, François - French poet, b. at Caen, Normandy, in 1555; d. at Paris, 16 October, 1628.

Maliseet Indians - A tribe of Algonquian stock, occupying territory upon the lower St. John River, St. Croix River, and Passamaquody Bay, in western New Brunswick and northeastern Maine, and closely connected linguistically and historically with the Abnaki (Penobscot, etc.) of Maine.

Mallard, Ernest-François - A French mineralogist, b. 4 February, 1833, at Châteauneuf-sur-Cher; d. 6 July, 1894, in Paris.

Mallinckrodt, Herman von - German parliamentarian; born 5 Feb., 1821, at Minden, Westphalia; died 26 May, 1874, at Berlin.

Mallinckrodt, Pauline - A sister of the Catholic political leader Hermann Mallinckrodt, and foundress of the Sisters of Christian Charity, b. at Minden, Westphalia, 3 June, 1817; d. at Paderborn, 30 April, 1881.

Malling Abbey - Benedictine abbey in England.

Mallory, Stephen Russell - An American statesman; born in the Island of Trinidad, W. I., 1813; died at Pensacola, Florida, United States, 9 Nov., 1873.

Mallus - A titular see of Cilicia Prima, suffragan of Tarsus.

Malmesbury - Town in Wiltshire, England, ninety-five miles west of London, formerly the seat of a mitred parliamentary abbey of Benedictine monks.

Malmesbury, The Monk of - Supposed author of a chronicle among the Cottonian manuscripts in the British Museum (Vesp. D. IV. 73) which Tanner states to be only a copy of a chronicle written by Alfred of Beverley in the twelfth century, but which, according to Sir Thomas Hardy, is almost entirely based on that of Geoffrey of Monmouth.

Malone, William - Jesuit missioner and writer; born according to the best authorities, in 1585; died at Seville, 1655.

Malory, Sir Thomas - Writer of the "Morte Arthure", the earliest production of English prose.

Malpighi, Marcello - Founder of comparative physiology, b. at Crevalcore, 10 March, 1628; d. at Rome, 29 Sept., 1694.

Malta - The group of Maltese islands, including Malta, Gozo, Comine and a few inconsiderable islets, lies 58 miles south of Sicily and about 180 miles S.E. by E. of Cape Bon in Tunisia.

Maltret, Claude - French Jesuit, b. at Puy, 3 Oct., 1621; d. Toulouse, 3 Jan., 1674.

Malvenda, Thomas - An exegete and historical critic, b. at Jativa, Valencia, 1566; d. 7 May, 1628.

Malvern - Located in Worcestershire, England, a district covered by a lofty range between the Severn and Wye, known as the Malvern Hills. On its eastern side were formerly two houses of Benedictine monks, the priories of Great and Little Malvern.

Mamachi, Thomas Maria - Dominican theologian and historian, born at Chios in the Archipelago, 4 December, 1713; died at Corneto, near Montefiascone, Italy, 7 June, 1792.

Mame, Alfred-Henri-Amand - Printer and publisher, b. at Tours, 17 Aug., 1811; d. at Tours, 12 April, 1893.

Mameluco - The general term applied in South America to designate the mixed European-Indian race, and more specifically applied in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to the organized bands of Portuguese slave-hunters who desolated the vast interior of South America from the Atlantic to the slopes of the Andes, and from the Paraguay to the Orinoco.

Mamertine Prison - The so-called "Mamertine Prison", beneath the church of S. Giuseppe dei Falegnami, via di Marforio, Rome, is generally accepted as being identical with "the prison ... in the middle of the city, overlooking the forum", mentioned by Livy (I, xxxiii).

Mamertus, Saint - Bishop of Vienne, d. around 476.

Mammon - Mamona; the spelling Mammona is contrary to the textual evidence and seems not to occur in printed Bibles till the edition of Elzevir.

Man - Includes sections on the nature of man, the origin of man, and the end of man.

Manahem - King of Israel.

Manahen, Saint - Or Manaen. Mentioned in Scripture, and traditionally believed to have been one of the first Christians in Antioch.

Manasses - The name of seven persons of the Bible, a tribe of Israel, and one of the apocryphal writings.

Mance, Jeanne - Foundress of the Montreal Hôtel-Dieu, and one of the first women settlers in Canada, b. at Nogent-le-Roi, Champagne, 1606; d. at Montreal, 19 June, 1673.

Manchester - A suffragan of the Archdiocese of Boston, U.S.A.

Manchuria - A north-eastern division of the Chinese Empire and the cradle of the present [1910] imperial dynasty.

Mandan Indians - Tribe occupying jointly with the Hidatsa (Minitari or Grosventre) and Arikara (Ree) the Fort Berthold reservation, on both sides of the Missouri, near its conjunction with the Knife River, North Dakota.

Mandeville, Jean de - The author of a book of travels much read in the Middle Ages, died probably in 1372.

Manfredonia - The city of Manfredonia is situated in the province of Foggia in Apulia, Central Italy, on the borders of Mount Gargano.

Mangalore - Diocese on the west coast of India, suffragan of Bombay.

Mangan, James Clarence - Irish poet, b. in Dublin, 1 May, 1803; d. there, 20 June, 1849. He was the son of James Mangan, a grocer, and of Catherine Smith.

Manharter - A politico-religious sect which arose in Tyrol in the first half of the nineteenth century.

Manichaeism - A religion founded by the Persian Mani in the latter half of the third century.

Manifestation of Conscience - A practice in many religious orders and congregations, by which subjects manifest the state of their conscience to the superior, in order that the latter may know them intimately, and thus further their spiritual progress.

Manila - This archdiocese comprises the city of Manila, the provinces of Bataan, Bulacan, Cavite, Mindoro, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Rizal, Tarlac, and Zambales; and the Districts of Infanta and Marinduque in the Province of Tayabas.

Manila Observatory - Founded by Father Frederic Faura, S.J., in 1865; constituted officially The Philippine Weather Bureau by decree of the American governor, May, 1901.

Maniple - An ornamental vestment in the form of a band, a little over a yard long and from somewhat over two to almost four inches wide, which is placed on the left arm in such manner that it falls in equal length on both sides of the arm.

Manitoba - History of the Canadian province.

Mann, Theodore Augustine - English naturalist and historian, b. in Yorkshire, 22 June, 1735; d. at Prague in Bohemia, 23 Feb., 1809.

Manna - The food miraculously sent to the Israelites during their forty years sojourn in the desert (Ex., xvi; Num., xi, 6-9).

Manning, Henry Edward - Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster (1808-1892).

Mannyng, Robert - Poet, from Bourne in Lincolnshire, England.

Mansard, François - French architect, born in Paris, probably of Italian stock, in 1598; died there, 1666.

Mansard, Jules - French architect, grand-nephew of François, was originally Jules Hardouin, but took the name of Mansard; was born in Paris, 1646; died at Marly 1708.

Mansi, Gian Domenico - Italian prelate and scholar born at Lucca, of a patrician family, 16 February, 1692; died archbishop of that city, 27 September, 1769.

Mantegna, Andrea - Biography of the Italian painter.

Mantelletta - An outer vestment reaching to the knees, open in front, with slits instead of sleeves on the sides.

Mantua - Diocese of Mantua (Mantuana), in Lombardy.

Manu, The Laws of - The English designation commonly applied to the "Manava Dharma-sastra", a metrical Sanskrit compendium of ancient sacred laws and customs held in the highest reverence by the orthodox adherents of Brahminism.

Manuel Chysoloras - First teacher of Greek in Italy, born at Constantinople about the middle of the fourteenth century; died at Constance, German, and was buried there, 15 April, 1415.

Manuscripts - Every book written by hand on flexible material and intended to be placed in a library is called a manuscript.

Manuscripts, Illuminated - A large number of manuscripts covered with painted ornaments.

Manuscripts of the Bible - Manuscripts are written, as opposed to printed, copies of the original text or of a version either of the whole Bible or of a part thereof.

Manuterge - The name given to the towel used by the priest when engaged liturgically.

Manutius, Aldus - Scholar and printer (1450-1515).

Manzoni, Alessandro - Italian poet and novelist, b. at Milan, 7 March, 1785; d. 22 May, 1873.

Map, Walter - Archdeacon of Oxford, b. at, or in the vicinity of, Hereford, c. 1140, d. between 1208 and 1210.

Maphrian - The Syriac word mafriano signifies one who fructifies, a consecrator. It is used to designate the prelate who holds the second rank after the patriarch among the Jacobite Syrians.

Maran, Prudentius - A learned Benedictine of the Maurist Congregation, b. 14 October, 1683, at Sezanne, in the Department of Marne; d. 2 April, 1762, at Paris.

Marash - An Armenian Catholic Diocese.

Maratta, Carlo - An Italian painter, b. at Camerino, in the March of Ancona, 13 May, 1625, d. in Rome, 15 December, 1713.

Marbodius - Bishop of Rennes, ecclesiastical writer and hymnologist, b. about 1035 at Angers, France, d. there 11 September, 1123.

Marca, Pierre de - French bishop and scholar, b. at Gan in Béarn, 24 Jan., 1594, of a family distinguished in the magistracy; d. at Paris, 29 June, 1662.

Marcellina, Saint - Consecrated virgin, blood sister of St. Ambrose, d. about 398.

Marcellinus Comes - Latin chronicler of the sixth century.

Marcellinus, Flavius - A high official at the court of Emperor Honorius, and possessed the confidence of his imperial master owing to his good sense, and unblemished conduct.

Marcellinus of Civezza, O.F.M. - Modern Franciscan author, born at Civezza in Liguria, Italy, 29 May, 1822; d. at Leghorn, 27 March, 1906.

Marcellinus, Pope Saint - Elected to the papacy in 296. He died in 304, probably of natural causes, since no early source calls him a martyr.

Marcello, Benedetto - Biography focusing on religious works, particularly his Paraphrase of the Psalms.

Marcellus I, Pope Saint - After a vacancy in office following the death of Pope St. Marcellinus, was elected to the papacy in 308. Fairly lengthy biographical article.

Marcellus II, Pope - Born 6 May, 1501, at Montepulciano in Tuscany; died 6 May, 1555, at Rome. His father, Ricardo Cervini, was Apostolic treasurer in the March of Ancona.

Marcellus of Ancyra - One of the bishops present at the Councils of Ancyra and of Nicaea, a strong opponent of Arianism, but in his zeal to combat Arius adopting the opposite extreme of modified Sabellianism and being several times condemned, dying deprived of his see c. A.D. 374.

March, Auzias - A Catalan poet, b. perhaps in the last quarter of the fourteenth century, at Valencia; d. there in 1458.

Marchand, Jean Baptiste - Second principal in order of succession of the Sulpician College of Montreal and missionary of the Detroit Hurons at Sandwich, Ont.; b. at Verchères, Que., 25 Feb. 1760, son of Louis Marchand and Marguerite de Niverville; d. at Sandwich, 14 Apr., 1825.

Marchant, Peter - A theologian, b. at Couvin, a village in the principality of Liege, in 1585; d. at Ghent, 11 Nov., 1661.

Marchesi, Pompeo - A Lombard sculptor of the neoclassic school, born at Saltrio, near Milan, 7 August, 1790; died at Milan, 6 February. 1858.

Marchi, Giuseppe - An archæologist, born at Tolmezzo near Udine, 22 Feb., 1795; died at Rome, 10 Feb., 1860.

Marcian - Roman Emperor at Constantinople, b. in Thrace about 390; d. January, 457.

Marciane - A titular see of Lycia, suffragan of Myra.

Marcianopolis - A titular see in Lower Maesia, on the right bank of the Danube, so called by Trajan after his sister Marciana (Amm. Marcellinus, XXVII, 2) and previously known as Parthenopolis.

Marcionites - Said that the creator "god" of the Old Testament was not the good God and Father of Jesus Christ of the New Testament. Had their own shadow hierarchy and their own Bible, which consisted of parts of Luke and Paul, edited so as to disparage the Old Testament. Only the unmarried were allowed to be baptized. Marcionism may have led to the formation of the Apostle's Creed as rebuttal, and certainly was an incentive in deciding on the canon of the New Testament.

Marcopois - A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Edessa.

Marcosians - A sect of Valentinian Gnostics, founded by Marcus.

Marcoux, Joseph - A missionary among the Iroquois, b. in Canada, 16 March, 1791; d. there 29 May, 1855.

Marcus - The name of three leading Gnostics.

Marcus Diadochus - An obscure writer of the fourth century of whom nothing is known but his name at the head of a "Sermon against the Arians", discovered by Wetsten in a manuscript codex of St. Athanasius at Basle.

Marcus Eremita - A theologian and ascetic writer of some importance in the fifth century.

Mardin - A residential Armenian archbishopric, a Chaldean bishopric, and a residential Syrian bishopric; moreover it is the headquarters of the Capuchin mission of Mardin and Amida.

Marechal, Ambrose - The third Archbishop of Baltimore; born at Ingres near Orléans, France, 28 August, 1764; died at Baltimore, 29 January, 1828.

Marenco - (1), Carlo, Italian dramatist, born at Cassolo (or Cassolnuovo) in Piedmont in 1800; died at Savona in 1846. (2), Leopoldo, Italian dramatic poet, born at Ceva in 1831; died 1899, son of Carlo Marenco.

Marenzio, Luca - Composer (1550-1599).

Margaret Clitherow, Saint - Article on this martyr, d. 1586, who is called the "Pearl of York." St. Margaret was crushed to death for the crime of harboring priests.

Margaret Colona, Blessed - A Roman orphan, hermit, founder of a community of Poor Clares, d. 1284.

Margaret Mary Alacoque, Saint - Biographical article on the apostle of the devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.

Margaret of Cortona, Saint - Third Order Franciscan, d. 1297.

Margaret of Hungary, Saint - Princess who became a Dominican at the age of 4. She died in 1270 or 1271, and was canonized in 1943.

Margaret of Lorraine, Blessed - Duchess d'Alencon, widow, became a Poor Clare, d. 1521.

Margaret of Savoy, Blessed - Widow, Third Order Dominican, d. 1464.

Margaret of Scotland, Saint - Biographical entry on the eleventh-century queen.

Margaret of the Blessed Sacrament - French Carmelite nun (1590-1660).

Margaret Pole, Blessed - Biography of the Countess of Salisbury, martyred in 1541.

Margaret, Saint - Also known in the Christian East as St. Marina. Virgin and martyr from Pisidian Antioch.

Margaret Ward, Saint - English martyr, died at Tyburn in 1588.

Margaritae - The canonists of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries who taught canon law by commenting on the Decretum of Gratian and on the various collections of the Decretals, gave the most varied forms and diverse names to their treatises. The "Margaritae" are collections specially intended to help the memory.

Margil, Antonio - Born at Valencia, Spain, 18 August, 1657; died at Mexico, 6 Aug., 1726. He entered the Franciscan Order in his native city on 22 April, 1673. After his ordination to the priesthood he volunteered for the Indian missions in America, and arrived at Vera Cruz on 6 June, 1683.

Margotti, Giacomo - A Catholic publicist, born 11 May, 1823; died 6 May, 1887. He was a native of San Remo, where his father was president of the Chamber of Commerce, and there he studied the classics and philosophy, after which he entered the seminary of Ventimiglia; in 1845, he obtained the doctorate at the University of Genoa and was received into the Royal Academy of Superga, where he remained until 1849.

Maria Theresa - Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria, Roman-German Empress, born 1717; died 1780.

Maria-Laach - A Benedictine abbey on the southwest bank of Lake Laach, near Andernach in Rhineland, Germany.

Mariales, Kantes - A Dominican, born about 1580; died at Venice in April, 1660.

Marian Priests - This term is applied to those English priests who being ordained in or before the reign of Queen Mary (1553-1558), survived into the reign of Elizabeth.

Mariana - Situated in the centre of Minas Geraes, the great mining state of Brazil, is bounded on the north, south and west respectively by its suffragan sees, Diamantina, Pouso Alegre, Goyaz, and Uberaba.

Mariana Islands - The Marianas Archipelago (also called the Ladrone Islands) is a chain of fifteen islands in the Northern Pacific, first discovered in 1521 by Magellan.

Mariana, Juan - Author and Jesuit, b. at Talavern, Toledo, Spain, probably in April, 1536; d. at Toledo, 16 February, 1624.

Mariannhill, Congregation of the Missionaries of - Located in Natal, near Pinetown, 15 miles from Durban, and 56 from Pietermaritzburg.

Marianus of Florence - A Friar Minor and historian, born at Florence about the middle of the fifteenth century, exact date of birth uncertain; died there, 20 July, 1523.

Marianus Scotus - Two Irish scholars of this name attained distinction in the eleventh century. Both spent the greater part of their lives in Germany.

Marie Antoinette - Biography of the Queen of France.

Marie Christine of Savoy, Blessed - The daughter of Victor Emanuel I, married King Ferdinand II of Sicily, d. 1836 at the age of 23.

Marie de France - Twelfth-century French poetess.

Marie de l'Incarnation, Blessed - A.k.a. Madame Acarie. Founded the French Carmel, d. 1618.

Marie de l'Incarnation, Blessed - Baptismal name Marie Guyard. First superior of the Ursulines of Quebec. Biography.

Marie-Marguérite d'Youville, Saint - Biography of the founder of the Gray Nuns, or Sisters of Charity. She died in 1771.

Marienberg - A Benedictine abbey of the Congregation of St. Joseph near Mals, Tyrol (in Vintschau).

Marignolli, Giovanni de' - Franciscan missionary to Asia (b. 1290).

Marina - The name of an ancient and noble family of the Republic of Genoa, distinguished alike in the Island of Chios, one of its dependencies, where it possessed many beautiful and valuable estates.

Marini, Luigi Gaetano - A natural philosopher, jurist, historian, archeologist, born at Sant' Orcangelo (pagus Acerbotanus), 18 Dec., 1742; died at Paris, 7 May, 1815.

Marinus I, Pope - Reigned 882-884.